Table 1.

Measures of Glycemic Variability with the Equations for Glucose Measurements

Measure	Formulae	Variables
M-value*15		G=glucose measured
		IGV=ideal glucose value
		k=total number of observations
		N=total number of readings
MAGE16		λ=blood glucose changes from peak to nadir
		x=number of valid observations
		v=1 SD of mean glucose for a 24-h period
Lability Index17		G=glucose measured
		N=total number of readings in a week
		t=time
ADRR*18		N=total number of readings
		LR=risk value attributed to low glucose
		HR=risk value attributed to high glucose
J-Index19	J=0.324×(MBG+SD)2	MBG=mean glucose levels
		SD=SD of glucose levels
LBGI/HBGI*20		N=number of readings
		rl=risk value associated with a low glucose (if x<0)
		rh=risk value associated with a high glucose (if x>0)
		x=nonlinear transformation of glucose measured
CONGA21		k=number of observations with an observation n×60 min ago
		m=n×60
		G=glucose measured
MODD22		k=number of observations with an observation 24 h ago
		G=glucose measured
		t=time (in min)
GRADE*23	GRADE=median(425×{log[log(Gn)]+0.16}2)	G=glucose measured
MAG24		G=glucose measured
		N=number of glucose measurements
		T=total time (in h)

Glucose was measured in mmol/L.

^*Indicates methods that assess the quality of glycemia. Three of the measures defined good control in people with type 2 diabetes: M-value, 0≤M≤18 is good control, 19≤M≤31 is fair control, and 32≤M is poor control; J-Index, 10≤J≤20 is ideal control, 20<J≤30 is good control, 30<J≤40 is poor control, and J>40 is lack of control; and Glycemic Risk Assessment in Diabetes Equation (GRADE), median GRADE <5 is good control.

ADRR, average daily risk ratio; CONGA, continuous overlapping net glycemic action; HBGI, High Blood Glucose Index; LBGI, Low Blood Glucose Index; LI, Lability Index; MAG, mean absolute glucose; MAGE, mean amplitude of glucose excursions; MODD, mean of daily differences.