Table 1.
Studies included in Meta-analysis, Symptom Domain, and Patient Demographics
| Author (s) | Symptom Domains | Patients | Age | Gender | Education |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guillem et al., 2008 | Disorganization | 96 Outpatients | 34.9 (SD = 9.8) | 70M/26F | 12.6 (SD = 2.8) |
| Leeson et al., 2008 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 53 Outpatients | 26.8 (SD = 7.8) | 34M/19F | 12.8 (SD = 2.1) |
| Hofer et al., 2007 | Disorganization and combined | 106 Outpatients | 37.7 (SD = 10.2) | 68M/38F | NR |
| Maeda et al., 2007 | Disorganization | 79 Outpatients | 32.3 (SD = 8.9) | 43M/36F | 13.4 (SD = 2.4) |
| Donohoe et al., 2006 | Combined | 32 Outpatients | NR | 21M/11F | NR |
| Keefe et al., 2006 | Combined | 1460 Inpatients | 40.6 (SD = 11.1) | 1080M/380F | 12.1 (SD = 2.3) |
| Klingberg et al., 2006 | Disorganization and combined | 151 Outpatients | 33.6 (SD = 10.3) | 73M/78F | NR |
| Løberg et al., 2006 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 129 Inpatients and Outpatients | 31.6 (SD = 8.8) | 89M/40F | 12.5 (SD = 2.8) |
| Mahurin et al., 2006 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 84 Inpatients | NR | NR | NR |
| Nienow et al., 2006 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 56 Inpatients | 41.5 (SD = 7.8) | 42M/14F | NR |
| Rocca et al., 2006 | Combined | 70 Outpatients | 40.8 (SD =10.1) | 46M/24F | NR |
| Stirling et al., 2006 | Disorganization | 11 Inpatients and 19 Outpatients | 34.3 (SD = 10.4) | 18M/12F | NR |
| Subotnik et al., 2006 | Disorganization | 47 Outpatients | 28.6 (SD = 6.4) | 35M/12F | NR |
| Twamley et al., 2006 | Combined | 267 Outpatients | 56.4 (SD = 9.3) | 182M/85F | 12.6 (SD = 2.5) |
| Uhlhaas et al., 2006 | Disorganization | 35 Inpatients | 37.6 (SD = NR) | 29M/6F | 11 (SD = NR) |
| Villalta-Gil et al., 2006 | Combined | 113 Outpatients | 41.6 (SD = 12.8) | 77M/36F | NR |
| Caligiuri et al., 2005 | Combined | 43 Outpatients | 43.4 (SD = 8.1) | 34M/9F | 13.6 (SD = 2.8) |
| Cohen & Docherty, 2005 | Reality Distortion and combined | 73 Outpatients | 36.0 (SD = 10.0) | 45M/28F | 12.4 (SD = 1.5) |
| Docherty, 2005 | Disorganization | 47 Inpatients | 43.0 (SD = 4.0) | 39M/8F | 13.0 (SD = 1.0) |
| Hofer et al., 2005 | Disorganization and combined | 60 Outpatients | 39.8 (SD = NR) | 39M/21F | 11.4 (SD = NR) |
| Rhinewhine et al., 2005 | Combined | 54 Inpatients | 16.0 (SD = 2.2) | 34M/20F | NR |
| Takahashi et al., 2005 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 50 Inpatients | 36.7 (SD = 11.3) | 25M/25F | 12.2 (SD = 2.4) |
| Bowie et al., 2004 | Combined | 289 Inpatients and 103 Outpatients | 72.3 (SD = 8.3) | 176M/216F | 11.0 (SD = 2.8) |
| Bozikas et al., 2004 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 58 Outpatients | 37.5 (SD = 10.6) | 41M/17F | 10.4 (SD = 3.3) |
| Good et al., 2004 | Disorganization and combined | 167 Outpatients | 26.4 (SD = 6.9) | 128M/39F | NR |
| Gooding & Tallent, 2004 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 36 Outpatients | NR | 21M/15F | NR |
| Heydebrand et al., 2004 | Combined | 307 Outpatients | 25.0 (SD = 6.8) | 233M/74F | NR |
| Lucas et al., 2004 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 53 Outpatients | 19.1 (SD = 3.3) | NR | 10.8 (SD = 2.0) |
| Rund et al., 2004 | Combined | 207 Outpatients | 28.1 (SD = 9.6) | 120M/87F | 12.0 (SD = 2.4) |
| Torres et al., 2004 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 107 Inpatients | 30.9 (SD = 9.4) | 73M/34F | 13.2 (SD = 2.1) |
| Minzenberg et al., 2003 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 57 Outpatients | 40.2 (SD = 10.7) | 42M/15F | 13.2 (SD = 2.3) |
| Pukrop et al., 2003 | Combined | 66 Inpatients | 30.1 (SD = 9.3) | 46M/20F | NR |
| Simon et al., 2003 | Combined | 38 Inpatients | 24.0 (SD = 7.0) | 23M/15F | NR |
| Stirling et al., 2003 | Combined | 49 Outpatients | 26.3 (SD = NR) | 28M/21F | NR |
| Woodward et al., 2003 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 36 Inpatients | 35.6 (SD = 9.4) | 27M/9F | 12.8 (SD = 2.7) |
| Cameron et al., 2002 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 52 Outpatients | 37.5 (SD = 9.5) | 40M/12F | NR |
| Daban et al., 2002 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 15 Inpatients and 9 Outpatients | 25.5 (SD = 4.2) | 17M/7F | NR |
| Izawa & Yamamoto, 2002 | Disorganization, reality distortion, and combined | 24 Inpatients | 46.8 (SD = 9.8) | 12M/12F | 11.4 (SD = 1.6) |
| Langdon et al., 2002 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 7 Inpatients and 18 Outpatients | NR | NR | NR |
| Park et al., 2002 | Combined | 28 Inpatients | 34.8 (SD = 9.0) | 18M/10F | 12.2 (SD = NR) |
| Roncone et al., 2002 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 44 Outpatients | 33.4 (SD = 6.1) | 34M/10F | 11.6 (SD = 2.9) |
| Shean et al., 2002 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 92 Inpatients | 40.7 (SD = 9.5) | 55M/37F | 11.2 (SD = 1.8) |
| Guillem et al., 2001 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 27 Outpatients | 38.1 (SD = NR) | 16M/11F | NR |
| Moritz et al., 2001 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 25 Inpatients | 30.8 (SD = 10.0) | 16M/9F | 11.1 (SD = 1.8) |
| Moritz et al., 2001 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 47 Inpatients | 31.8 (SD = 10.7) | 31M/16F | 11.0 (SD = 1.7) |
| Allen et al., 2000 | Disorganization | 21 Inpatients | 41.0 (SD = 8.6) | 21M/0F | 12.1 (SD = 2.0) |
| Bilder et al., 2000 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 94 Inpatients | 25.7 (SD = 6.3) | 55M/39F | 13.1 (SD = 2.3) |
| Eckman & Shean, 2000 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 51 Inpatients | 40.9 (SD = 9.5) | 32M/19F | 11.1 (SD = 2.4) |
| Glahn et al., 2000 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 62 Outpatients | 29.6 (SD = 9.8) | 32M/30F | 13.0 (SD = 2.3) |
| Howanitz et al., 2000 | Disorganization | 35 Inpatients | 67.4 (SD = NR) | 34M/1F | NR |
| Ngan & Liddle, 2000 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 41 Inpatients | 35.5 (SD = NR) | 23M/18F | 11.5 (SD = NR) |
| O’Leary et al., 2000 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 134 Inpatients | 31.2 (SD = 9.6) | 90M/44F | 13.1 (SD = 2.0) |
| Parellada et al., 2000 | Reality distortion and combined | 25 Inpatients | 24.9 (SD = 6.1) | 0M/25F | NR |
| Silverstein et al., 2000 | Disorganization | 23 Inpatients | 44.0 (SD = 8.0) | 17M/6F | 10.8 (SD = 2.8) |
| Stratta et al., 2000 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 20 Inpatients | 31.1 (SD = 8.1) | 14M/6F | 11.1 (SD = 2.9) |
| Addington & Addington, 1999 | Combined | 80 Outpatients | 36.0 (SD = 9.5) | 54M/26F | 12.0 (SD = 1.7) |
| Barch et al., 1999 | Disorganization | 56 Inpatients | 38.3 (SD = 8.8) | 32M/24F | 11.9 (SD = 1.6) |
| Bryson et al., 1999 | Disorganization and combined | 120 Outpatients | 43.5 (SD = 8.5) | 115M/5F | 12.6 (SD = 1.8) |
| Docherty & Gordinier, 1999 | Disorganization | 55 Outpatients | 33.0 (SD = 7.0) | 47M/8F | 12.0 (SD = 2.0) |
| Kerns et al., 1999 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 26 Inpatients | 36.0 (SD = NR) | 20M/6F | NR |
| Mohamed et al., 1999 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 94 Inpatients | 26.1 (SD = 8.1) | 53M/41F | 12.8 (SD = 1.9) |
| Park et al., 1999 | Combined | 34 Inpatients | 34.8 (SD = 9.9) | 21M/13F | 12.2 (SD = NR) |
| Addington & Addington, 1998 | Combined | 40 Outpatients | 36.0 (SD = 9.5) | 27M/13F | 12.0 (SD = 1.6) |
| Basso et al., 1998 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 9 Inpatients and 53 Outpatients | 32.3 (SD =7.3) | 45M/17F | 13.7 (SD = 2.2) |
| Baxter & Liddle, 1998 | Disorganization | 56 Inpatients | 37.8 (SD = NR) | 40M/16F | NR |
| Nelson et al., 1998 | Disorganization | 11 Inpatients and 4 Outpatients | 34.0 (SD = 10.0) | 7M/8F | 12.0 (SD = 1.0) |
| Nestor et al., 1998 | Disorganization | 13 Inpatients and 2 Outpatients | 37.6 (SD = NR) | 15M/0F | 11.7 (SD = NR) |
| Perry & Braff, 1998 | Combined | 58 Inpatients and 13 Outpatients | 34.2 (SD = 8.7) | 43M/28F | 12.3 (SD = 2.4) |
| Robert et al., 1998 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 78 Outpatients | 31.8 (SD = 8.1) | 58M/20F | 10.6 (SD = 3.1) |
| Vinogradov et al., 1998 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 26 Outpatients | 40.2 (SD = 9.6) | 14M/12F | 13.9 (SD = 1.7) |
| Zakzanis et al., 1998 | Reality distortion | 8 Inpatients and 2 Outpatients | 38.2 (SD = 5.4) | 8M/2F | NR |
| Addington et al., 1997 | Combined | 59 Inpatients | 33.0 (SD = 8.6) | 40M/19F | 11.5 (SD = 2.2) |
| Berman et al., 1997 | Combined | 30 Inpatients | 50.6 (SD = 11.1) | 29M/1F | 12.3 (SD = 1.7) |
| Brebion et al., 1997 | Combined | 40 Inpatients | 33.7 (SD = 10.5) | 27M/13F | 12.5 (SD = 2.7) |
| Collins et al., 1997 | Combined | 58 Outpatients | 34.1 (SD = 8.0) | 45M/13F | 12.5 (SD = 7.4) |
| Lees-Roitman et al., 1997 | Combined | 30 Inpatients and Outpatients | 43.1 (SD = 9.5) | 30M/0F | 12.3 (SD = 2.1) |
| Liu et al., 1997 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 60 Inpatients | 28.2 (SD = 7.7) | 28M/32F | 10.8 (SD = 3.2) |
| Norman et al., 1997 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 87 Inpatients and Outpatients | 33.3 (SD = NR) | 57M/30F | NR |
| Rowe & Shean, 1997 | Disorganization | 50 Inpatients | 39.9 (SD = NR) | 34M/16F | 11.5 (SD = NR) |
| Voruganti et al., 1997 | Combined | 52 Outpatients | 32.4 (SD = NR) | 34M/18F | NR |
| Bressi et al., 1996 | Combined | 30 Outpatients | 31.6 (SD = 9.7) | NR | 11.6 (SD = 6.7) |
| Carter et al., 1996 | Combined | 18 Outpatients | 34.1 (SD = 8.3) | 15M/3F | NR |
| Himelhoch et al., 1996 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 32 Inpatients | 30.4 (SD = 8.2) | 23M/9F | 13.3 (SD = 3.0) |
| Morice & Delahunty, 1996 | Combined | 17 Outpatients | 32.4 (SD = 1.3) | 10M/7F | NR |
| Mortimer et al., 1996 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 60 Inpatients and Outpatients | NR | NR | NR |
| Ragland et al., 1996 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 30 Outpatients | 31.0 (SD = 6.3) | 17M/13F | NR |
| van der Does et al., 1996 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 60 Inpatients | 21.2 (SD = 2.4) | 46M/14F | NR |
| Brekke et al., 1995 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 40 Outpatients | 33.2 (SD = 7.4) | 25M/15F | 12.5 (SD = 2.9) |
| Cuesta et al., 1995 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 38 Inpatients | 30.8 (SD = 8.0) | 28M/10F | 10.0 (SD = 2.4) |
| Cuesta & Peralta, 1995 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 40 Inpatients | 27.7 (SD = 7.5) | 31M/9F | 10.3 (SD = 2.8) |
| Hammer et al., 1995 | Combined | 65 Inpatients | 28.3 (SD = 4.8) | 57M/8F | NR |
| Bell et al., 1994 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 27 Inpatients and 120 Outpatients | 42.0 (SD = 9.0) | 140M/7F | 12.0 (SD = 2.0) |
| Pandurangi et al., 1994 | Disorganization | 41 Inpatients and Outpatients | 30.0 (SD = 6.5) | 30M/11F | 12.3 (SD = 2.3) |
| Stolar et al., 1994 | Reality Distortion | 27 Inpatients | 36.0 (SD = 10.7) | 21M/6F | NR |
| Strauss et al., 1993 | Disorganization and combined | 50 Outpatients | 34.0 (SD = 7.6) | 38M/12F | 12.5 (SD = 2.0) |
| van der Does et al., 1993 | Disorganization | 60 Inpatients | 21.2 (SD = 2.4) | 46M/14F | NR |
| Franke et al., 1992 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 73 Inpatients | 32.5 (SD = NR) | 46M/27F | 9.9 (SD = NR) |
| Morrison-Stewart et al., 1992 | Combined | 4 Inpatients and 26 Outpatients | 32.1 (SD = 8.5) | 25M/5F | NR |
| Addington et al., 1991 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 38 Inpatients | 30.9 (SD = 8.7) | 25M/13F | 11.5 (SD = NR) |
| Braff et al., 1991 | Combined | 40 Outpatients | 29.7 (SD = 7.9) | 30M/10F | 13.3 (SD = 1.7) |
| Breier et al., 1991 | Combined | 58 Outpatients | 32.0 (SD = 7.0) | 30M/28F | NR |
| Liddle & Morris, 1991 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 43 Inpatients | 51.9 (SD = NR) | 28M/15F | NR |
| Liddle, 1987 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 12 Inpatients and 28 Outpatients | 35.0 (SD = NR) | 31M/9F | NR |
| Bilder et al., 1985 | Disorganization and reality distortion | 32 Inpatients | 32.5 (SD = 7.6) | 16M/16F | NR |
NR = not reported