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. 2011 Jul 13;25(9):2773–2843. doi: 10.1007/s00464-011-1799-6
Level 3 Plane should be developed with inferior epigastric vessels anteriorly and the cord structures posteriorly.
In 2.75%, bleeding from epigastric branches, vessels on the pubic bone or testicular vessels can occur.
Level 4 Inferior epigastric vessels were ligated in 3%, because they blocked the view of the surgeon.
Inferior epigastric vessel injury occurred in 0.4% of patients during trocar insertion.