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. 2011 Jul 13;25(9):2773–2843. doi: 10.1007/s00464-011-1799-6
Level 1A Laparoscopic approaches have fewer local complications.
Laparoscopic approaches have less pain.
Laparoscopic approaches have faster return to normal activities.
Laparoscopic approaches have lower morbidities.
Level 1B Laparoscopic approaches have longer operative times.
Laparoscopic approaches have less pain and faster return to normal activity and work.
Level 5 Minimally invasive open approaches (i.e., Kugel) have limited visualization and higher likely hood of injury or incomplete dissection.
Both anterior and posterior spaces are violated leading to difficult reoperative surgery.