Level 1A | Laparoscopic approaches have fewer local complications. |
Laparoscopic approaches have less pain. | |
Laparoscopic approaches have faster return to normal activities. | |
Laparoscopic approaches have lower morbidities. | |
Level 1B | Laparoscopic approaches have longer operative times. |
Laparoscopic approaches have less pain and faster return to normal activity and work. | |
Level 5 | Minimally invasive open approaches (i.e., Kugel) have limited visualization and higher likely hood of injury or incomplete dissection. |
Both anterior and posterior spaces are violated leading to difficult reoperative surgery. |