Fig. 9.

KLK ruptures the plasma membrane in the presence of positively charged proteins bound to the inner leaflet. T24 cells expressing a GFP-labeled probe that binds to negatively charged lipids in the inner plasma membrane leaflet (8⁺-GFP) were analyzed by TIRF microscopy after incubation with 100 μM KLK. Images were taken before, and 3, 6 and 14 min upon KLK addition. Additionally, an image was recorded 20 min after KLK treatment using confocal microscopy (E). Scale bars 10 (A) and 15 μm (E).