Table 1.
Elevated HbA1c (%) and mean HbA1c at age 45 years by BMI at several ages, child- to adulthood (n = 7,855)
| n (%) | Mean (SD) | BMI at 45 years mean (SD) | HbA1c geometric mean (SD) | HbA1c ≥7‡ |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Men | 3,937 (50.1) | 27.7 (4.2) | 5.26 (0.64) | 95 (2.4) | — | |
| Women | 3,918 (49.9) | 26.9 (5.5) | 5.14 (0.64) | 60 (1.5) | — | |
| BMI at 7 years# | 15.8 (1.7) | |||||
| Thin | 140 (2.2) | 26.1 (4.6) | 5.23 (0.50) | 2 (1.4) | 0.9 (0.2–3.5) | |
| Normal | 5,631 (88.6) | 27 (4.6) | 5.19 (0.48) | 94 (1.7) | 1.0 | |
| Overweight | 480 (7.6) | 29.8 (5.9) | 5.27 (0.68) | 23 (4.8) | 3.0 (1.9–4.7) | |
| Obese | 104 (1.6) | 34.3 (7.7) | 5.31 (0.66) | 6 (5.8) | 3.6 (1.5–8.4) | |
| BMI at 11 years# | 17.3 (2.4) | |||||
| Thin | 92 (1.5) | 23.8 (3.7) | 5.21 (0.35) | 0 (0) | — | |
| Normal | 5,579 (89.6) | 26.9 (4.5) | 5.19 (0.46) | 83 (1.5) | 1.0 | |
| Overweight | 475 (7.6) | 31.5 (6.3) | 5.30 (0.68) | 26 (5.5) | 3.8 (2.4–6.0) | |
| Obese | 82 (1.3) | 33.7 (6.9) | 5.57 (1.11) | 10 (12.2) | 9.2 (4.6–18.4) | |
| BMI at 16 years# | 20.6 (2.7) | |||||
| Thin | 105 (1.8) | 23 (3.1) | 5.18 (0.35) | 1 (1) | 0.8 (0.1–5.5) | |
| Normal | 5,117 (89.4) | 26.8 (4.4) | 5.18 (0.43) | 64 (1.3) | 1.0 | |
| Overweight | 433 (7.6) | 32.3 (5.9) | 5.36 (0.77) | 29 (6.7) | 5.7 (3.6–8.9) | |
| Obese | 71 (1.2) | 37.3 (7.9) | 5.89 (1.49) | 18 (25.4) | 26.8 (14.9–48.3) | |
| BMI at 23 years§ | 22.5 (2.9) | |||||
| Thin | 52 (0.8) | 21 (3.1) | 5.11 (0.29) | 0 (0) | — | |
| Normal | 5,638 (84.2) | 26.3 (3.9) | 5.16 (0.41) | 53 (0.9) | 1.0 | |
| Overweight | 856 (12.8) | 32.2 (4.7) | 5.35 (0.71) | 42 (4.9) | 5.4 (3.6–8.2) | |
| Obese | 147 (2.2) | 39.4 (6.1) | 5.85 (1.27) | 31 (21.1) | 28.2 (17.4–45.5) | |
| BMI at 33 years§ | 24.9 (4.1) | |||||
| Thin | 28 (0.4) | 22.7 (3.5) | 5.16 (0.35) | 0 (0) | — | |
| Normal | 4,019 (58.4) | 24.8 (3) | 5.12 (0.35) | 16 (0.4) | 1.0 | |
| Overweight | 2,191 (31.9) | 29.5 (3.4) | 5.23 (0.50) | 37 (1.7) | 4.3 (2.4–7.7) | |
| Obese | 640 (9.3) | 35.8 (5.6) | 5.54 (0.95) | 68 (10.6) | 29.7 (17.1–51.6) | |
| BMI at 45 years§ | 27.3 (4.9) | |||||
| Thin | 8 (0.1) | 16.4 (0.8) | 5.13 (0.28) | 0 (0) | — | |
| Normal | 2,733 (34.8) | 22.7 (1.7) | 5.11 (0.35) | 11 (0.4) | 1.0 | |
| Overweight | 3,236 (41.2) | 27.3 (1.4) | 5.17 (0.42) | 37 (1.1) | 2.9 (1.5–5.6) | |
| Obese | 1,868 (23.8) | 34.1 (4) | 5.40 (0.74) | 105 (5.6) | 14.7 (7.9–27.5) | |
All trends are statistically significant (P < 0.001) across categories of BMI.
‡Includes known type 2 diabetes.
#BMI in childhood classified using international age and sex-specific cutoffs (17,25): thinness (moderate, i.e., grade 2), respectively, for ages 7, 11, and 16 years as 13.08, 13.72, and 16.08 kg/m2 for boys and 12.91, 13.79, and 16.44 kg/m2 for girls; overweight, respectively, as ≥17.92, ≥20.55, and ≥23.90 kg/m2 for boys and ≥17.75, ≥20.74, and ≥24.37 kg/m2 for girls; and obesity, respectively, as ≥20.63, ≥25.10, and ≥28.88 kg/m2 for boys and ≥20.51, ≥25.42, and ≥29.43 kg/m2 for girls.
§BMI in adulthood, cutoff for thinness (grade 2) is ≤17 kg/m2; for overweight, ≥25 kg/m2; and for obesity, ≥30 kg/m2.