Table I.

Duality between the latent subgroup framework of MSLT-I and the all-or-none treatment noncompliance framework when controls have no access to active treatment.

Randomization	MSLT-I		Noncompliance
	Subgroup	Treatment receipt	Subgroup	Treatment receipt
Treatment	Node-positive	Active treatment	Complier	Active treatment
Treatment	Node-negative	Control treatment	Noncomplier	Control treatment
Control	?	Control treatment	?	Control treatment

In MSLT-I, active treatment represents immediate lymphadenectomy, and the control treatment represents observational follow-up.