Table 4.
Risk factors for all-cause hospitalization using Poisson regression among 737 HIV-exposed infants at 12 months of life in Pune, India
| Univariate | Multivariate | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IRR | 95% CI | P-value | IRR | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Infant Characteristics | ||||||
| HIV status | ||||||
| HIV-infected | 1.82 | 1.42-2.33 | <0.001 | 1.52 | 1.14-2.02 | <0.05 |
| HIV-exposed, uninfected | 1.00 | |||||
| Female gender | 0.73 | 0.60-0.90 | <0.05 | 0.73 | 0.59-0.91 | <0.05 |
| Gestational age | ||||||
| <37 weeks | 1.93 | 1.48-2.52 | <0.001 | 1.55 | 1.11-2.17 | 0.01 |
| ≥37 weeks | 1.00 | |||||
| APGAR at 5 minutes | 1.01 | 1.001-1.008 | 0.02 | 1.00 | 1.00-1.01 | 0.16 |
| Birth weight | ||||||
| <2500 grams | 1.35 | 1.09-1.67 | <0.05 | 1.12 | 0.86-1.46 | 0.40 |
| ≥2500 grams | 1.00 | |||||
| Breastfeeding duration | ||||||
| <4 months | 1.04 | 0.83-1.29 | 0.75 | 1.06 | 0.85-1.34 | 0.60 |
| 4 - 6 months | 0.98 | 0.69-1.41 | 0.93 | 1.01 | 0.70-1.47 | 0.94 |
| >6 months | 1.00 | |||||
| Cotrimoxazole use | ||||||
| WHO-guided | 1.14 | 0.94-1.40 | 0.19 | 1.05 | 0.83-1.32 | 0.68 |
| Non WHO-guided | 1.00 | |||||
| Extended-dose nevirapine | ||||||
| Yes | 0.99 | 0.81-1.20 | 0.89 | 0.97 | 0.79-1.19 | 0.75 |
| No | 1.00 | |||||
| Infant HAART† | ||||||
| Yes | 2.20 | 1.37-3.53 | <0.05 | |||
| No | 1.00 | |||||
| Maternal Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | 1.06 | 1.03-1.09 | <0.001 | 1.04 | 1.00-1.07 | 0.03 |
| Gravidity | 1.11 | 1.00-1.22 | 0.04 | 1.04 | 0.93-1.16 | 0.49 |
| Marital status | ||||||
| Not married | 1.26 | 0.71-2.24 | 0.43 | |||
| Married | 1.00 | |||||
| Education | ||||||
| Primary (<6 years) | 0.80 | 0.65-0.98 | 0.04 | 1.32 | 0.87-1.99 | 0.19 |
| Secondary (6-10 years) | 0.72 | 0.49-1.07 | 0.11 | 1.13 | 0.76-1.70 | 0.54 |
| Tertiary (>10 years) | 1.00 | |||||
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 1.05 | 0.82-1.35 | 0.68 | |||
| Non-Hindu | 1.00 | |||||
| Housewife | ||||||
| Yes | 0.78 | 0.61-0.99 | 0.04 | 0.88 | 0.68-1.13 | 0.31 |
| No | 1.00 | |||||
| Delivery type | ||||||
| Vaginal | 1.22 | 0.93-1.59 | 0.15 | |||
| Surgical | 1.00 | |||||
| Hemoglobin¥ | ||||||
| Severe (<7 g/dl) | 2.66 | 1.74-4.05 | <0.05 | 1.24 | 0.85-1.83 | 0.27 |
| Moderate (7-<10 g/dl) | 1.21 | 0.92-1.60 | 0.17 | 1.18 | 0.93-1.51 | 0.17 |
| Mild (10-11 g/dl) | 1.32 | 1.04-1.67 | 0.02 | 1.22 | 0.89-1.66 | 0.22 |
| Normal (>11 g/dl) | 1.00 | |||||
| CD4 cell count¥ | ||||||
| <200 (cells/mm3) | 1.93 | 1.40-2.67 | <0.05 | 1.17 | 0.82-1.68 | 0.39 |
| ≥200 (cells/mm3) | 1.00 | |||||
| Viral load (Log 10)¥ | ||||||
| ≥5 log (copies/ml) | 1.38 | 1.09-1.74 | <0.05 | 1.15 | 0.89-1.47 | 0.28 |
| <5 log (copies/ml) | 1.00 | |||||
| Maternal HAART† | ||||||
| Yes | 1.55 | 1.15-2.09 | <0.05 | 1.31 | 0.94-1.83 | 0.11 |
| No | 1.00 | |||||
| Maternal AZT* | ||||||
| Yes | 0.86 | 0.69 - 1.07 | 0.17 | |||
| No | 1.00 | |||||
| Maternal NVP* | ||||||
| Yes | 0.66 | 0.54-0.81 | <0.05 | 0.85 | 0.68-1.07 | 0.16 |
| No | 1.00 | |||||
NOTES:
†HAART use among HIV-infected mothers or infants at any time during the study. Infant HAART use was not included in the multivariate model as it was only applicable to HIV-infected infants.
¥Reported values are closed to delivery.
*AZT = zidovudine for PMTCT, NVP = nevirapine (intrapartum, single-dose) for PMTCT.