Fig. 8.

Estimated elbow joint angles (maximizing flexor moment arms) for the Fl₁ and Fl₂ muscles of selected specimens. ROM was measured after the flight membrane was removed in Pteropus specimens: (A) Choloepus hoffmanni (UMUT unnumbered), (B) Pteropus dasymallus (NSM PO 127), (C) Cynocephalus variegatus (ZRC 4.8112) and (D) Nycticebus coucang (KPM 3674). The antebrachia of Choloepus and Nycticebus specimens are held in semi-supinated position. E, centre of elbow joint rotation; Lsc, lateral supracondylar crest; Rt, radial tuberosity; S and W, shoulder and wrist joints, respectively.