Table 1. Topical Anti-inflammatory Activity of the CH₂Cl₂ Extract and Lignan Derivatives (1–11) from K. lappacea.

test substance	dose (μmol/cm2)/(μg/cm2)		edema (mg) mean ± SE	edema inhibition (%)	ID50 (μmol/cm2)/(μg/cm2)
control			6.9 ± 0.2
CH2Cl2 ext.		30	5.3 ± 0.3a	24		77
		100	2.9 ± 0.5a	58
		300	1.0 ± 0.2a	86
1	0.10	30	6.0 ± 0.3a	13	0.45	134
	0.30	89	4.7 ± 0.3a	32
	1.00	298	1.7 ± 0.1a	75
2	0.10	28	5.6 ± 0.3a	19	0.46	131
	0.30	85	4.2 ± 0.4a	39
	1.00	284	2.3 ± 0.2a	67
3	0.10	28	5.9 ± 0.3a	14	0.36	102
	0.30	85	3.3 ± 0.3a	52
	1.00	284	1.9 ± 0.2a	72
4	0.10	28	5.7 ± 0.4a	17	0.42	118
	0.30	85	4.4 ± 0.3a	36
	1.00	282	1.7 ± 0.2a	75
5	0.10	30	5.2 ± 0.3a	25	0.36	107
	0.30	89	3.4 ± 0.2a	50
	1.00	298	2.3 ± 0.2a	67
6	0.10	27	5.9 ± 0.3a	15	0.60	160
	0.30	80	4.9 ± 0.3a	29
	1.00	266	2.5 ± 0.3a	64
7	0.10	27	5.2 ± 0.4a	25	0.31	82
	0.30	80	3.8 ± 0.2a	45
	1.00	266	1.3 ± 0.1a	81
8	0.10	25	5.9 ± 0.3a	14	0.44	110
	0.30	75	4.5 ± 0.3a	35
	1.00	250	1.8 ± 0.3a	74
9	0.10	28	6.1 ± 0.2	12	0.48	134
	0.30	84	4.4 ± 0.3a	35
	1.00	280	2.1 ± 0.3a	70
10	0.10	28	6.2 ± 0.3	9	0.57	160
	0.30	84	4.6 ± 0.3a	33
	1.00	280	2.5 ± 0.3a	64
11	0.10	26	6.0 ± 0.4	13	0.40	106
	0.30	79	4.0 ± 0.2a	41
	1.00	264	1.7 ± 0.2a	75
indomethacin	0.10	36	5.2 ± 0.4a	25	0.29	104
	0.30	107	3.4 ± 0.3a	51
	1.00	358	1.4 ± 0.2a	80
hydrocortisone	0.01	4	4.9 ± 0.3a	29	0.03	11
	0.03	11	3.1 ± 0.3a	55
	0.10	36	1.6 ± 0.2a	77

^ap < 0.05 in the analysis of variance, as compared with controls.