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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Aug 21.
Published in final edited form as: J Theor Biol. 2011 Jun 7;283(1):203–216. doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.05.036

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Sperm geometry of a rodent sperm showing the head, neck, and the flagellum, which is made up of the principal piece, midpiece, and end piece. The redundant nuclear envelope (RNE) is an IP3 gated Ca2+ store at the base of the flagellum located in the neck and has been identified in several species of mammalian sperm [13, 63]. The CatSper channels are a sperm specific Ca2+ channel located along the principal piece and are required for hyperactivation [57, 59].