Fig. 5.

Emergent waveforms overlayed for CatSper mediated Ca²⁺ dynamics, for nondimensional times (a) t =5–6, (b) t =15–16, (c) t =25–26, (d) t =35–36, (e) t =45–46, (f) t =55–56. Simulations are with a linear taper of tensile stiffness, S₁ = 25 − 125, V_A = 0.45, κ = 2π, ω = −2π, ε = 0.01, S₂ = 0.075, k_A=0.3 if C_k(t) > 0 and k_A = 0.5 if C_k(t) < 0.