Table 3.
64 comparative articles
| Author | Category | Outcomes measured A |
Methods compared |
Study characteristics B |
Number of subjects in study C |
Study subjects |
Type of resident C | Magnitude of benefit % D |
Type of assessment E |
Preferred method |
Country of study |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uranus et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs,Ap | VR to Sim | Cs | 62 | Attendings/med students | NR | "Sig Better" | DO | Technology-VR | Austria |
| Wehrs | Clinical medicine | K,At,S,Ap | Trad to CAI | C,L | 38 | Attendings | NR | 22 | T,S | Technology | Germany |
| Casebeer | CME | K,S,Ap,Ac | Trad to WBL | C,R | 210 | Attendings | NR | 15 | T,S | Technology | USA |
| Short et al. | CME | K | Trad to CAI | C,R | 52 | Attendings | NR | NRA | S | Standard | USA |
| Butzlaff et al. | Clinical medicine | K,Ap,Ac | Trad to WBL | C,R | 72 | Attendings | NR | NA | T,S | No difference | Germany |
| Forester et al. | Basic science | K | Trad to WBL | C | 477 | Med students | NR | 9 | T,S | Technology | USA |
| Krippendorf | Basic science | K,S,Ap | Trad to CAI/VR | C,Cs | 206 | Med students | NR | 2 | T,S | Technology | USA |
| Hudson et al. | Basic science | K | Trad to CAI | C,R | 100 | Med students | NR | 11 | T,S | Technology | UK |
| Taradi et al. | Basic science | K,At,S,Ap,Ac | Trad to WBL | Cs | 220 | Med students | NR | 10 | T,S | Technology | Croatia |
| Thatcher | Basic science | K,At,S,Ap | Trad to CAI | Cs | 22 | Med students | NR | 22 | T,S | Technology | USA |
| McNulty | Basic science | K | Trad to CAI | Cs | 130 | Med students | NR | 2 | T,S, CL | Technology | USA |
| Noimark et al. | Clinical medicine | K | Trad to WBL | Cs | 346 | Med students | NR | 15 | T | Technology | UK |
| Leong et al. | Clinical medicine | K,S | Trad to CAI | Cs | 379 | Med students | NR | 12 | T,S | Technology | USA |
| Prinz | Clinical medicine | K | Trad to CAI | C,R | 172 | Med students | NR | 7/16/19* | T,S | Technology | Austria |
| Degnan et al. | Clinical medicine | K | Trad to CAI | C,R | 48 | Med students | NR | NRA | DO,CL | Technology | UK |
| Burgess et al. | Clinical medicine | K,At,S,Ap,Ac | Trad to WBL | Cs | 91 | Med students | NR | NRA | S | Technology | UK |
| Vivekananda-Schmidt et al. | Clinical medicine | K,Cs,At,S,Ap | Trad to CAI | C,R,Cs | 354 | Med students | NR | "Sig better" | DO, S | Technology | UK |
| Callas et al. | Clinical medicine | S,Ap,Ac | Trad to WBL | Cs | 903 | Med students | NR | NRA | S | Technology | USA |
| Ganai et al. | Clinical Medicine | Cs | VR to Trad | C,R | 19 | Med students | NR | 40 | DO, T | Technology | USA |
| Duque et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Trad to WBL | C,L | 100 | Med students | NR | NRA | T,S | Technology | Canada |
| Stolz et al. | Clinical medicine | K,S,Ap,Ac | Trad to WBL | - | NR | Med students | NR | 10 | T,S | Technology | Germany |
| Duque et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs,At,S | Trad to WBL | C,R | 133 | Med students | NR | 14 | T,S,CKL | Technology | Canada |
| Vash et al. | Clinical medicine | K | VR to TRAD | C,R | 48 | Med students | NR | NRA | T | Technology (in 1/4 content areas) | Iran |
| Schilling et al. | Clinical medicine | K,S,Ap | Trad to WBL | C,R | 238 | Med students | NR | 26/46* | T,S | Technology | USA |
| Roesch et al. | Clinical medicine | K,S | Trad to WBL | L | 3050 | Med students | NR | 10 | T,S | Technology | Germany |
| Ridgway et al. | Clinical medicine | K,S,Ap,Ac,At | Trad to WBL | Cs | 88 | Med students | NR | 4/10* | T,S, CL | Technology | Ireland |
| Qayumi et al. | Clinical medicine | K,S,Cs,At,Ap, | Trad to CAI | C,R | 99 | Med students | NR | Sig improvement | T,S,DO | Technology | Japan |
| Shokar et al. | Clinical medicine | K,Cs | Trad to WBL | C | 179 | Med students | NR | 5/4* | T,DO | Technology | USA |
| Glittenberg et al. | Clinical medicine | K,At,S | Trad to CAI | C,R | 140 | Med students | NR | 17 | T,S | Technology | Austria |
| Friedl et al. | Clinical medicine | K,Cs | Trad to CAI | C | 195 | Med students | Surg | 15/18 Cs only | T,DO | Standard (no diff K, CAI > Cs) | Germany |
| Engum et al. | Clinical medicine | K,Cs,S | Trad to VR | C,R | 163 | Med students | NR | NRA | T,S, CKL | Standard | USA |
| Hariri et al. | Basic science | K,S | Sim to Trad | C,R | 29 | Med students | NR | NA | T,S | No difference | USA |
| Kumar et al. | Basic science | K,At,S,Ap,Ac | Trad to CAI | Cs | 212 | Med students | NR | NRA | S | Technology | Australia |
| Cox et al. | Clinical medicine | K,At,S | Trad to WBL | C,R | 100 | Med students | NR | NA | T,S | No difference | USA |
| Chou et al. | Clinical medicine | K | VR to Trad | C,R | 16 | Med students | NR | NA | CKL | No difference | USA |
| Hahne et al. | Clinical medicine | K,At,S | Trad to CAI | C,R | 167 | Med students | NR | NA | T,S | No difference | Germany |
| Curran et al. | Clinical medicine | K,Cs,At,S | Sim to Trad | C,R | 60 | Med students | NR | NA | T,S, CKL | No difference | Canada |
| Wahlgren et al. | Clinical medicine | K,At,S,Ap,Ac | Trad to CAI | C,R,L | 116 | Med students | NR | NA | T,S, CL | No difference | Sweden |
| Raij et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs,Ap | VR to Trad | C | 82 | Med students | NR | NA | S,CL | No difference | USA |
| Nackman et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Trad to WBL | Cs | 198 | Med students | NR | NA | T | No difference | USA |
| Karnath et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Trad to CAI | C,R | 192 | Med students | NR | NA | T | No difference | USA |
| Feeg et al. | Clinical medicine | K,At | Trad to CAI | C,R | 125 | Nurses | NR | 10 | T | Technology | USA |
| Anderson et al. | Clinical medicine | K,Cs | Trad to WBL | Cs | 180 | Nurses | NR | NA | S | No difference | USA |
| Dee et al. | Basic science | K | Trad to CAI | L | 98 | Other | NR | NRA | S | Technology | USA |
| Errichetti et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Trad to CAI | C,R | 40 | Med students | NR | NRA | CL | Technology | USA |
| Ryan et al. | Basic science | K | Trad to CAI | C | 23 | Med students | NR | NA | S | No difference | Ireland |
| Gold et al. | Basic science | K,S | Trad to CAI | C,R | 138 | Residents | Surg | NRA | T,S,CL | Technology | USA |
| Roche et al. | Basic science | K | Trad to CAI | C,R | 38 | Residents | Peds | 11 | T,S | Technology | USA |
| Gold et al. | Basic ccience | K,S | Trad to CAI | C,R | 138 | Residents | Surg | NRA | T,S,CL | Technology | USA |
| Barsuck et al. | Clinical medicine | K,Cs | Sim to Trad | Cs | 72 | Residents | NR | 47/31* | T,CL | Technology | Israel |
| Xiao et al. | Clinical medicine | K,Cs | Trad to CAI/WBL | C,R,Cs | 50 | Residents | EM/Surg | 41 | CL | Technology | USA |
| Knoll et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Sim to Trad | C,R | 30 | Residents/attendings | GU | NRA | CL,CKL | Technology | Germany |
| Mahnke et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Trad to CAI | Cs | 40 | Residents | Peds | 21 | T | Technology | USA |
| Park et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Sim to Trad | C,R | 24 | Residents | IM/Surg | NRA | CL,CKL | Technology | Canada |
| Schijven et al. | Clinical medicine | K,S,Ap | VR to Trad | C | 24 | Residents | Surg | NRA | DO, S | Technology | Netherlands |
| Maiss et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Sim to Other | C,R | 35 | Residents | IM | NRA | CL | Technology | France |
| Jonas et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Sim to Trad | C,R | 14 | Residents/med students | Ophthal | NRA | CKL | Technology | Germany |
| Sedlack et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Sim to Trad | C | 38 | Residents | IM | NRA | S,CKL | Technology | USA |
| Corton et al. | Basic science | K,S,Ap | Trad to CAI | C,R,L | 39 | Residents | GYN | NA | T,S | No difference | USA |
| Jowett et al. | Clinical medicine | Cs | Trad to CAI | C,R,L | 30 | Residents | Surg | NA | T | No difference | Canada |
| Chung et al. | Clinical medicine | K | Trad to WBL | C,R,L | 63 | Residents | EM | NA | T,S,CL | No difference | USA |
| Davis et al. | Clinical medicine | K,At | Trad to CAI | C,R | 55 | Residents | NR residents | NA | T,S | No difference | UK |
| Ferguson et al. | Clinical medicine | K | Trad to WBL | O | 19 | Residents | Surg | NA | T,CL | No difference | USA |
| Bridgemohan et al. | Clinical medicine | K,At,S | Trad to CAI | R | 46 | Residents | Peds | NA | T,S | No difference | USA |
Legend: outcomes measured A
Ac: Access (can students get to and use the learning material); Ap:Applicability (can you teach with this method); At: Attitude; Cs: Clinical Skills (e.g.: H+P skills, EKG, CXR interpretation); Cs: Cost; K: Knowledge retention/learning; O: Other; S: Satisfaction.
Legend: study characteristics B
C: Controlled (there was a control group); Cs: Cross sectional (single point in time); L: Longitudinal (more than one point in time); O: Other; R: Random (randomization of groups.)
Legend: number of subjects in study/type of resident C
NR: Not reported
Legend: magnitude of benefit % D
NRA: Not readily available; NA: Not applicable; *Multiple measurements
Legend: type of assessment E
DO: Direct observation; T: Test; S: Survey; CL: Computer log; CKL: Check list.