Table 2.

Causes of Raynaud's phenomenon

Category	Disease conditions
Connective tissue/autoimmune disorders	Scleroderma, Dematomyositis, Systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome Antiphospholipid antibodies (APLA) syndrome Polyarteritis nodosa
Repetitive trauma	Work involving tools with vibrations
Drugs	Interferon-alpha, Bleomycin Ergotamine
Infections	Helicobacter Pylori Parvovirus B19
Metabolic	Atherosclerosis Cryoglobulinemia Hyperhomocysteinemia
Chemical exposure	Vinyl chloride exposure in plastic industry Smoking
Other	Carpal-tunnel syndrome CREST* syndrome

* CREST: calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia.