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. 2011 May 29;41(5):776–779. doi: 10.1007/s10519-011-9475-0

Table 2.

The average bias, SE and empirical SD of the adjusted epistatic effect estimate (Inline graphic) in linear regression for association studies of QTL under two-tail extreme selection

QTL1 MAF (%) QTL2 MAF (%) % Sampled. U/L ratioa β 3 = 0.00 β 3 = 0.05
Β 1 = β 2 = 0.00 β 1 = β 2 = 0.05 β 1 = β 2 = 0.00 β 1 = β 2 = 0.05
Bias SE (emp. SD) Bias SE (emp. SD) Bias SE (emp. SD) Bias SE (emp. SD)
10 10 25 1:1 −0.001 0.093 (0.091) 0.001 0.084 (0.083) 0.001 0.089 (0.088) 0.003 0.079 (0.081)
2:1 0.003 0.097 (0.098) −0.002 0.089 (0.092) 0.002 0.091 (0.088) 0.001 0.084 (0.089)
4:1 0.000 0.109 (0.110) −0.006 0.101 (0.111) 0.001 0.102 (0.099) −0.001 0.095 (0.102)
10 10 50 1:1 0.001 0.082 (0.082) 0.003 0.074 (0.073) −0.002 0.078 (0.078) 0.002 0.070 (0.071)
2:1 −0.002 0.085 (0.086) 0.003 0.077 (0.080) 0.000 0.080 (0.079) 0.001 0.072 (0.074)
4:1 −0.002 0.092 (0.093) −0.001 0.084 (0.092) −0.001 0.087 (0.087) 0.002 0.079 (0.082)
10 25 25 1:1 0.001 0.064 (0.066) 0.001 0.058 (0.059) 0.001 0.061 (0.062) 0.000 0.055 (0.056)
2:1 0.001 0.067 (0.067) −0.001 0.061(0.064) −0.001 0.063 (0.064) 0.001 0.058 (0.059)
4:1 0.000 0.075 (0.075) −0.004 0.069 (0.074) 0.001 0.071 (0.069) −0.001 0.065 (0.070)
10 25 50 1:1 0.001 0.057 (0.057) 0.002 0.051 (0.051) 0.000 0.054 (0.054) 0.000 0.048 (0.048)
2:1 0.000 0.058 (0.058) −0.001 0.053 (0.053) 0.000 0.055 (0.055) −0.001 0.050 (0.051)
4:1 0.001 0.064 (0.063) −0.003 0.058 (0.061) −0.001 0.060 (0.059) −0.001 0.055 (0.058)
10 50 25 1:1 0.000 0.056 (0.056) 0.000 0.050 (0.050) 0.000 0.053 (0.053) −0.002 0.047 (0.047)
2:1 −0.001 0.058 (0.058) −0.002 0.053 (0.055) −0.001 0.055 (0.053) −0.002 0.050 (0.052)
4:1 0.001 0.065 (0.065) −0.005 0.060 (0.062) 0.001 0.062 (0.061) −0.003 0.056 (0.059)
10 50 50 1:1 0.001 0.049 (0.048) 0.000 0.044 (0.044) −0.002 0.047 (0.047) 0.001 0.042 (0.042)
2:1 −0.001 0.051 (0.051) 0.000 0.046 (0.046) −0.001 0.048 (0.048) −0.002 0.043 (0.044)
4:1 0.000 0.055 (0.056) −0.003 0.050 (0.051) 0.001 0.052 (0.052) −0.001 0.047 (0.049)
25 25 25 1:1 0.000 0.044 (0.045) 0.001 0.040 (0.039) 0.000 0.042 (0.042) −0.001 0.038 (0.037)
2:1 0.001 0.046 (0.046) −0.002 0.042 (0.043) 0.001 0.044 (0.043) −0.003 0.040 (0.040)
4:1 0.001 0.052 (0.051) −0.004 0.048 (0.051) 0.000 0.049 (0.049) −0.003 0.045 (0.046)
25 25 50 1:1 0.001 0.039 (0.039) −0.001 0.035 (0.036) 0.000 0.037 (0.037) 0.000 0.033 (0.033)
2:1 0.001 0.040 (0.040) −0.002 0.037 (0.038) 0.000 0.038 (0.039) −0.001 0.035 (0.035)
4:1 0.000 0.044 (0.045) −0.004 0.040 (0.042) 0.000 0.042 (0.041) −0.001 0.038 (0.039)
25 50 25 1:1 0.001 0.039 (0.038) 0.001 0.035 (0.034) 0.001 0.037 (0.036) 0.000 0.033 (0.033)
2:1 −0.001 0.040 (0.041) −0.004 0.036 (0.037) −0.001 0.038 (0.038) −0.002 0.034 (0.035)
4:1 0.000 0.045 (0.045) −0.005 0.041 (0.043) 0.000 0.043 (0.044) −0.003 0.039 (0.040)
25 50 50 1:1 0.000 0.034 (0.034) 0.000 0.031 (0.031) −0.001 0.032 (0.033) 0.000 0.029 (0.029)
2:1 −0.001 0.093 (0.091) −0.002 0.032 (0.032) 0.001 0.033 (0.033) −0.001 0.030 (0.030)
4:1 0.003 0.097 (0.098) −0.003 0.035 (0.036) 0.000 0.036 (0.037) −0.003 0.033 (0.033)
50 50 25 1:1 0.001 0.033 (0.034) −0.001 0.030 (0.031) −0.001 0.032 (0.031) −0.001 0.028 (0.028)
2:1 0.000 0.035 (0.035) −0.002 0.031 (0.031) 0.000 0.033 (0.034) −0.003 0.030 (0.029)
4:1 0.000 0.039 (0.039) −0.005 0.035 (0.035) 0.001 0.037 (0.037) −0.006 0.033 (0.034)
50 50 50 1:1 0.000 0.029 (0.030) 0.000 0.026 (0.027) 0.000 0.028 (0.028) 0.000 0.025 (0.025)
2:1 0.000 0.030 (0.030) −0.001 0.027 (0.027) −0.001 0.029 (0.029) −0.002 0.026 (0.026)
4:1 −0.001 0.033 (0.033) −0.004 0.030 (0.030) −0.001 0.031 (0.031) −0.003 0.028 (0.028)

aSample size ratio in the upper versus lower tail of the trait distribution