Abundance of mucosal cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, as detected by real-time PCR. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 mRNA were significantly lower in the AT1aR-A-treated groups compared to the DSS + placebo group. There were no significant differences in IL-10 expression between study groups. Results are mean ± SD, of a minimum of six samples from each group. Comparisons were made using ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test