Reduced growth rate and increased apoptosis in XBP-1-deficient livers. (A,B) BrdU labeling of E13.5 XBP-1+/+ and XBP-1−/− embryos. (C,D) Higher power views. The −/− liver (L) is smaller in size and labels less intensely than the +/+ control. (E,F) Congo red staining of E13.5 livers. Arrows indicate morphologically apoptotic cells, which were mainly hematopoietic cells in +/+ samples and hepatocytes in −/− samples. (G,H) TUNEL staining (in red) of E13.5 +/+ and −/− livers.