Table 2.
Measures of disease association and adjustments to outcomes in studies of association of chocolate consumption with risk of cardiometabolic disorders
| Study | Outcome measures | Adjustments | Measures of association (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oba et al 201016 | Incidence of diabetes | Age, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, education (years), alcohol intake, total energy intake, fat intake, menopausal status (in women) | Hazard ratios 0.65 (0.43 to 0.97) men, 0.73 (0.48 to 1.93) women |
| Mink et al 200714 | Coronary heart disease mortality, stroke mortality | Age, energy consumption, marital status, education, blood pressure, diabetes, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, physical activity, smoking, oestrogen use | Rate ratios 0.98 (0.88 to 1.10), 0.85 (0.70 to 1.03) |
| Janszky et al 200913 | Congestive heart failure, cardiovascular disease mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, stroke | Age, sex, smoking status, obesity, physical inactivity, alcohol consumption (g/day), filtered coffee intake (cups/day), educational attainment, sweet score | Hazard ratios 0.78 (0.52 to 1.16), 0.34 (0.17 to 0.70), 0.86 (0.54 to 1.37), 0.62 (0.33 to 1.16) |
| Buijsse et al 20067 | Cardiovascular disease mortality | Age; body mass index; smoking status; alcohol consumption; physical activity; aspirin use; anticoagulant use; diet prescription (Y/N); consumption of: vegetables, fruit, low and medium fat dairy, meat, sugar confectionery other than chocolate, cookies, savoury foods, nuts, and coffee; and total calorie intake | Relative risk 0.50 (0.32 to 0.78) |
| Mostofsky et al 201015 | Heart failure | Age, education, body mass index, physical activity, smoking status, living alone, HRT intake, alcohol intake, family history of myocardial infarction before 60 years, self reported history of hypertension, and cholesterol level | Rate ratio 1.23 (0.73 to 2.08) |
| Buijsse et al 20109 | Myocardial infarction, stroke | Age, sex, alcohol intake, employment status, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking status, occupational physical activity, sports cycling, education, and total energy intake | Relative risks 0.73 (0.47 to 1.18), 0.52 (0.30 to 0.89) |
| Djousse et al 201010 | Coronary heart disease | Age, sex, dietary linoleic acid intake, education, exercise, smoking status, alcohol intake, fruit and vegetables intake, energy intake, non-chocolate candy intake | Odds ratio 0.43 (0.27 to 0.68) |
HRT=hormone replacement therapy