TABLE 1.

Classic Migration Theories and the Potential Placement of Environmental Hazards

Petersen	1958	General typology of migration
Key citation: “A general typology of migration.” American Sociological Review. 23: 256–266.
Potential placement of environmental hazards: As ecological “push” factor yielding migration as an “innovative” response.
Wolpert	1966	Stress-threshold model
Key citation: “Migration as an adjustment to environmental stress.” Journal of Social Issues. 22, 4:92–102.
Potential placement of environmental hazards: As “stressors”
Zelinsky	1971	Mobility transition hypothesis
Key citation: “The hypothesis of the mobility transition.” Geographical Review. 61:219–249.
Potential placement of environmental hazards: As related to “personal preferences.”
Speare	1974	Residential mobility decision-making model
Key citation: “Residential satisfaction as an intervening variable in residential mobility.” Demography 11, 2:173–188.
Potential placement of environmental hazards: As “locational characteristics”
Various contributors		Neo-classical migration models
Summary: DaVanzo, J. 1981. “Microeconomic approaches to studying migration decisions.” in De Jong, G.F. and R.W. Gardner (Editors), Migration decision making: multidisciplinary approaches to microlevel studies in developed and developing countries. pp. 90–129. New York: Pergamon Press.
Example: Harris, J.R. and M.P. Todaro. 1970. “Migration, unemployment and development: A two-sector analysis.” American Economic Review. 70: 126–142.
Example: Graves, P.E. 1983. “Migration with a composite amenity: The role of rents.” Journal of Regional Science, 23(4): 541–546.
Potential placement of environmental hazards: As a “location-specific disamenity.”
DeJong and Fawcett	1981	Value-Expectancy model
Key citation: “Multidisciplinary frameworks and models of migration decision making” in De Jong, G.F. and R.W. Gardner (Editors), Migration decision making: multidisciplinary approaches to microlevel studies in developed and developing countries. pp. 13–58. New York: Pergamon Press.
Potential placement of environmental hazards: As a personal value/goal of “comfort.”
Gardner	1981	Macro--micro decision-making model
Key citation: “Macrolevel Influences on the Migration Decision Process” Chapter 3 (pp. 59–89) in G.F. De Jong and R.W. Gardner (Editors), Migration decision making: multidisciplinary approaches to microlevel studies in developed and developing countries. New York: Pergamon Press.
Potential placement of environmental hazards: As a locational characteristic in conflict with “what people value.”