Table 1.
Characteristics of overweight and obese study participants by major depressive symptoms or by moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score of ≥ 10), NHANES 2005-2006 *
| n | Major depressive symptoms | Moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score ≥ 10) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes | No | P-value† | Yes | No | P-value† | ||
| N | 2,439 | 68 | 2,371 | 152 | 2,287 | ||
| Age (year) | 0.009 | 0.019 | |||||
| 20-< 40 | 746 | 19.7 (3.6) | 32.5 (1.2) | 24.3 (2.8) | 32.6 (1.3) | ||
| 40-< 60 | 886 | 69.3 (4.8) | 43.4 (1.5) | 57.0 (4.0) | 43.3 (1.5) | ||
| ≥ 60 | 807 | 11.0 (4.4) | 24.1 (2.1) | 18.7 (3.9) | 24.1 (2.1) | ||
| Sex | < 0.001 | 0.007 | |||||
| Men | 1,325 | 30.9 (6.2) | 54.3 (0.8) | 40.8 (4.9) | 54.5 (0.9) | ||
| Women | 1,114 | 69.1 (6.2) | 45.7 (0.8) | 59.2 (4.9) | 45.5 (0.9) | ||
| Race‡ | 0.249 | 0.152 | |||||
| NH white | 1,215 | 69.0 (8.3) | 73.2 (2.9) | 68.1 (5.6) | 73.4 (3.0) | ||
| NH black | 589 | 17.5 (4.6) | 11.5 (2.0) | 16.7 (3.5) | 11.4 (2.0) | ||
| Other | 635 | 13.5 (5.2) | 15.3 (1.9) | 15.2 (4.1) | 15.2 (2.0) | ||
| Education | 0.144 | 0.020 | |||||
| < high school diploma |
628 | 21.6 (5.3) | 16.1 (1.6) | 18.9 (3.3) | 16.1 (1.6) | ||
| high school graduate |
608 | 39.2 (7.6) | 25.6 (1.1) | 37.7 (4.2) | 25.3 (1.1) | ||
| > high school diploma |
1,203 | 39.2 (7.2) | 58.2 (1.8) | 43.4 (4.3) | 58.6 (1.8) | ||
| PIR§ | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| < 1 | 393 | 33.5 (5.9) | 9.5 (0.7) | 26.9 (2.5) | 9.1 (0.7) | ||
| 1-< 3 | 987 | 45.9 (7.8) | 34.2 (2.1) | 45.7 (4.9) | 33.8 (2.1) | ||
| 3-≤5 | 1,059 | 20.6 (6.9) | 56.3 (2.3) | 27.4 (4.0) | 57.1 (2.3) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.037 | 0.008 | |||||
| 25-< 30 | 1,202 | 33.0 (5.9) | 49.1 (1.6) | 34.0 (4.8) | 49.6 (1.6) | ||
| ≥ 30 | 1,237 | 67.0 (5.9) | 50.9 (1.6) | 66.0 (4.8) | 50.4 (1.6) | ||
| No. of chronic conditions** | 0.014 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 0 | 966 | 20.6 (7.0) | 42.3 (1.6) | 23.2 (4.6) | 42.8 (1.5) | ||
| 1 | 621 | 27.8 (9.0) | 26.8 (1.8) | 23.9 (5.3) | 27.0 (1.8) | ||
| 2 | 401 | 26.0 (4.6) | 16.0 (1.0) | 20.1 (3.3) | 16.0 (1.0) | ||
| ≥ 3 | 451 | 25.7 (6.6) | 14.9 (1.4) | 32.8 (3.2) | 14.2 (1.4) | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 2,439 | 110.5 (2.2) | 105.1 (0.5) | 0.022 | 109.1 (1.7) | 105.0 (0.5) | 0.019 |
*Data expressed as percentages with standard errors in parentheses for all categorical variables and expressed as means with standard errors for waist circumference. †Chi-Square test for categorical variables and Student t-test for continuous variables. ‡NH: non-Hispanic, §PIR: poverty-income ratio. ** Chronic conditions included hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, arthritis, asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic renal disease, and cancer.