Table 2.

Associations of major depressive symptoms or moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms with waist circumference or abdominal obesity among overweight and obese adults, NHANES 2005-2006 (N = 2,439)

	Odds Ratio*
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3
Major depressive symptoms
Waist circumference†	1.03 (1.01-1.05)	1.03 (1.01-1.05)	1.03 (1.00-1.05)
Wald P-value	0.002	0.005	0.031
Abdominal obesity‡
yes	3.01 (2.00-4.55)	2.18 (1.35-3.59)	1.99 (1.18-3.38)
no	1.00	1.00	1.00
Wald P-value	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.005
Moderate-to severe depressive symptoms (PHQ score ≥ 10)
Waist circumference†	1.02 (1.01-1.04)	1.02 (1.01-1.04)	1.02 (1.00-1.03)
Wald P-value	0.003	0.004	0.074
Abdominal obesity‡
yes	2.89 (1.70-4.91)	2.56 (1.34-4.90)	2.26 (1.15-4.44)
no	1.00	1.00	1.00
Wald P-value	< 0.001	0.002	0.010

*Model 1: unadjusted, Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, race, education, family poverty-income ratio, serum cotinine concentrations, physical activity and heavy alcohol drinking, Model 3: adjusted for the same set of variables as in Model 2 plus coexistence of the number of chronic conditions (including hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, arthritis, asthma, chronic bronchitis, chronic kidney disease and cancer).

†Used as continuous variable in the models

‡Used as categorical variable (defined as waist circumference > 108 cm for men and > 88 cm for women)