Table 3.
Comparisons of functional impairment (WHO-DAS Global Scores)a by recency of DSM-IV/CIDI major depressive episodes in the 18 countries participating in the WMH surveys
| Past 30 days | Past 12 monthsb | > 12 months ago | No lifetime MDE | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SE | n | Mean ± SE | n | Mean ± SE | n | Mean ± SE | n | SDc | F | |
| I. High-income | ||||||||||
| Belgium | 11.3 ± 3.3+ | 42 | 7.5 ± 2.1+ | 71 | 3.5 ± 0.5 | 254 | 3.2 ± 0.7 | 676 | 8.4 | 3.2* |
| France | 13.6 ± 2.6+ | 38 | 6.6 ± 1.1 + | 134 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 476 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | 788 | 8.4 | 7.9* |
| Germany | 15.3 ± 5.4+ | 36 | 4.1 ± 1.0 | 73 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 263 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 951 | 7.9 | 2.8 |
| Israel | 21.5 ± 2.4+ | 82 | 9.7 ± 1.0+ | 208 | 6.8 ± 0.8+ | 211 | 5.0 ± 0.2 | 4358 | 12.0 | 24.7* |
| Italy | 15.4 ± 2.5+ | 58 | 6.3 ± 2.0+ | 71 | 3.0 ± 0.4+ | 323 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 1327 | 6.8 | 13.5* |
| Japan | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 11 | 2.9 ± 0.8+ | 49 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 125 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 882 | 4.4 | 2.3 |
| Netherlands | 17.9 ± 2.4+ | 42 | 5.7 ± 1.1 | 93 | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 341 | 4.1 ± 0.5 | 618 | 8.8 | 12.5* |
| New Zealand | 11.7 ± 1.0+ | 292 | 5.0 ± 0.5+ | 606 | 3.2 ± 0.2+ | 1473 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 5064 | 7.6 | 32.9* |
| Spain | 15.7 ± 2.2+ | 109 | 6.1 ± 1.0+ | 138 | 4.3 ± 0.6+ | 425 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 1449 | 7.6 | 24.9* |
| United States | 15.8 ± 1.2+ | 297 | 7.6 ± 0.6+ | 496 | 4.3 ± 0.2+ | 1002 | 3.0 ± 0.2 | 3896 | 9.0 | 54.9* |
| Total | 15.3 ± 0.7+ | 1005 | 6.8 ± 0.3+ | 1942 | 3.9 ± 0.1+ | 4903 | 3.0 ± 0.1 | 20,096 | 8.9 | 149.4* |
| II. Low- to middle-incomed | ||||||||||
| Sao Pâulo, Brazil | 12.9 ± 1.6+ | 260 | 6.8 ± 0.6+ | 280 | 4.1 ± 0.5+ | 413 | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1989 | 7.8 | 44.0* |
| Colombia | 5.1 ± 1.4+ | 82 | 3.3 ± 0.7+ | 194 | 1.8 ± 0.3+ | 316 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 1789 | 4.2 | 11.1* |
| Pondicherry, India | 2.3 ± 0.5+ | 71 | 3.2 ± 0.8+ | 83 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 153 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1066 | 4.3 | 3.9* |
| Lebanon | 9.3 ± 1.5+ | 72 | 3.7 ± 0.8+ | 71 | 3.4 ± 0.7+ | 162 | 1.5 ± 0.2 | 726 | 5.8 | 17.3* |
| Mexico | 8.0 ± 1.8+ | 117 | 3.4 ± 0.7+ | 142 | 1.4 ± 0.3+ | 250 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 1853 | 4.3 | 8.5* |
| Shenzen, China | 3.3 ± 0.5+ | 101 | 1.7 ± 0.4+ | 144 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 138 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | 2093 | 2.4 | 16.9* |
| Ukraine | 14.8 ± 1.2+ | 229 | 10.91.1+ | 159 | 6.8 ± 1.1+ | 238 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 1093 | 9.7 | 46.3* |
| Total | 10.1 ± 0.7+ | 932 | 5.2 ± 0.3+ | 1073 | 3.1 ± 0.2+ | 1670 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | 10,608 | 6.1 | 112.6* |
*Significantly different at the .05 level based on a 3 degree of freedom test
+Significantly different from respondents with no lifetime MDE at the +.05 level, 2-sided test
aWHO-DAS: World Health Organization-Disability Assessment Schedule
bExcludes respondents with MDE in the past 30 days
cSD: Standard deviation of the impairment score in the total sample
dData for South Africa are not available.