Table 1.

Modification of minimum encapsulation pressure for solutions of AOT reverse micelles in liquid ethane^a

Modifier	Phase at STP	Density	Refractive Index	Dipole	Alpha	Viscosity (µPa•s)	Dielectric Constant	Encapsulation Pressure (psi) 10%(v/v) added	Predicted dielectric
Dichloromethane	liquid	1.325	1.424	1.60	6.48	413	9.1	3500	1.94
Chloromethane	gas	0.991		1.89	4.72			3700
Chlorodifluoromethane	gas	1.191b		1.42	6.38	164b	6.6e	3800
1,1-dichloroethane	liquid	1.176	1.416	2.06	8.64	464	16.7	4000	2.07
1,2-dichloroethane	liquid	1.256	1.444	1.86	8	779	10.7	4100	2.00
Isoflurane	liquid							4200
Chloroform	liquid	1.492	1.445	1.04	9.5	537	4.8	4200	1.70
Ethyl dichloroacetate	liquid	1.28	1.438					4200
Bromoethane	liquid	1.425	1.425	2.05	8.05	374	4.9	4300	2.15
Bromoform	liquid	2.89	1.595	0.99	11.8	1857	4.4	4800	1.70
Dichloroacetonitrile	liquid	1.369	1.44					4900
1-chloropropane	liquid	0.892	1.388	2.05	10	334		5000	2.04
2-chloropropane	liquid	0.859	1.378	2.17	10.2	303		5500	2.09
Difluoromethane	gas	0.961b				114b	14.3f	6000
Trichlorofluoromethane	liquid	1.494	1.3821			421	2.5e	6400
1,1-difluoroethane	gas	0.899a				163a		7600
Hexanol	liquid	0.814	1.418	1.65	12.8	4578	13.0	2500	1.72
1-butanol	liquid	0.81	1.399	1.66	8.88	2544	17.8	3300	1.82
tert-butanol	liquid	0.775	1.387	1.64	8.92	4312	10.7	4000	1.81
Carbon disulfide	liquid	1.266	1.627			352	2.2	4200
Carbon dioxide	gas	0.711b				57b	1.6e	8000
Benzene	liquid	0.874	1.498	0.00	10.3	604	2.4	5200	1.67
Pentane	liquid	0.626	1.358	0.00	9.99	224	1.8	5200	1.64
Cyclohexene	liquid	0.811	1.446	0.33	10.7	625	2.0	5300	1.66
Diethyl ether	liquid	0.706	1.352	1.15	10.2	224	4.3	6300	1.70
Propane	gas	0.492b	1.35d	0.00	6.29	97b	1.5	7100	1.66
Xenon	gas	1.148c	1.34d	0.00	4.04	53b	1.0	7500	1.66
Argon	supercritical	0.115c	1.34d	0.00	1.64	24b	1.0	9500	1.63
Ethyl acetate	liquid	0.902	1.37	1.78	9.7	423	6.4	4400	1.87
1-nitropropane	liquid	0.998	1.401	3.66	8.5	798		4400	3.34
Valeronitrile	liquid	0.795	1.397	4.12	10.4		17.7	4400	3.51
2-hexanone	liquid	0.812	1.401	2.80	10	583	14.6	4500	2.20

^afor solutions prepared with 200 mM AOT and 2 M H₂O (W₀ = 10). The solvent parameters and viscosity data for each fluid are for atmospheric pressure and 25 °C, except where noted. Samples were prepared in a mixing chamber described elsewhere [16]. The volume of the mixing chamber was 1.25 mL. The buffer consisted of 50 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.0 with bromophenol blue (1 mg/mL). A light source was used to allow direct observation through high-pressure windows. Upon encapsulation the solution clarified to a dark purple color. Encapsulation pressures have a precision better than 100 psi. Liquid modifiers were added directly to the chamber and layered on top of the buffer aliquot. The compressibility of each liquid co-solvent was assumed to be insignificant. For gaseous co-solvents the syringe pump used to pressure the sample was preloaded with a 10 % (v/v) mix. This ratio was determined based on the volume of each component at the pressure where both components would liquefy. For supercritical fluids the syringe pump was loaded with components at the supercritical pressure, which was always much more than the pressure required for liquid ethane. The errors on the volume ratios are likely higher for gases than for liquids but these errors are probably not larger than one or two volume percent.

^bNIST Reference Fluid Thermodynamic and Transport Properties, Version 7.0

^cNIST Chemistry workbook; taken at 1000 psi, 25°C

^dEstimate only

^eEiseman [17]

^fBararo et al. [18]