Table 1.

Antigen-independent systemic effects of pro-inflammatory molecules produced by virus-infected tissue.

Cytokine	Target Organ	Effect
Type I IFN	Bone marrow	•Anti-viral conditioning of leukocytes [9] •HSC enter the cell cycle [19]
	Lymph node and spleen	•Expression of Granzyme B on memory T cells [33] •Expression of activation markers on T and B cells [25-29]
	CNS	•Fever, sickness [44-46]
IL-6	Bone marrow	•Granulopoiesis [47]
	Spleen and lymph nodes	•CD4+ T cell proliferation and activation [48]
	CNS	•Fever, sickness [46]
TNFa	Bone marrow	•Depletion of B cell precursors [35]
	CNS	•Fever, sickness [15]
IL-1β	CNS	•Fever, sickness [45,46]
LT-α	Bone marrow	•Depletion of B cell precursors [35]
GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF	Bone marrow	•Granulopoiesis [49] •HSC mobilization [50] •Neutrophil activation [51]
CCL-2, CCL-7	Bone marrow	•Monocyte mobilization [37,38]
CXCL1, CCL-3, CXCL10, CCL5, IL-1α, IFNλ, IL12, etc.	Systemic effects during virus infection remain to be defined