Fig. 1.

Activated GR associates in a pulsatile fashion with the regulatory elements of GC target genes involved in HPA axis regulation, protein metabolism, basic cellular function, and peripheral clock resetting. In vivo ChIP assays showed that the same regime of pulses applied to each cell line caused cyclical changes in GR chromatin association activity at GRE of natural target gene promoters, including the GRE in the mouse MT1 gene promoter in the AtT-20 line (A), human PER1 gene promoter in the HeLa line (B), and the rat TAT in the HTC line (C), as well as the negative GRE of the mouse POMC gene promoter in the corticotroph-derived AtT-20 line (D).