Table 3.
Likelihood of prescribing off-label antidepressants in the treatment of insomnia
| Variable | Adjusted odds ratio | 95% Wald confidence interval |
|---|---|---|
| Patient age (years) | ||
| < 15 | 0.870 | 0.153–4.932 |
| 15–24 | 1.853 | 0.730–4.704 |
| 25–44 | 0.827 | 0.425–1.609 |
| 45–64 | 1.035 | 0.567–1.888 |
| 65–74 | 1.019 | 0.532–1.951 |
| Above 75 years (reference) | – | – |
| Patient gender | ||
| Female | 1.219 | 0.850–1.750 |
| Male (reference) | – | – |
| Patient race | ||
| White, non-hispanic (reference) | – | – |
| Black, non-hispanic | 0.816 | 0.351–1.896 |
| Hispanic | 0.706 | 0.372–1.338 |
| Asian | 0.634 | 0.246–1.629 |
| Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander | 0.260 | 0.015–4.385 |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 2.176 | 0.232–20.424 |
| Physician specialty | ||
| General/family practice | 1.811 | 0.867–3.783 |
| Internal medicine | 1.122 | 0.477–2.638 |
| Pediatrics | 65.892 | 5.536–810.564* |
| General surgery | 3.136 | 0.817–12.030 |
| Obstetrics and gynecology | 2.656 | 0.770–9.164 |
| Orthopedic surgery | 1.406 | 0.398–4.968 |
| Cardiovascular diseases | 1.428 | 0.572–3.564 |
| Dermatology | 1.328 | 0.243–7.258 |
| Urology | 1.552 | 0.458–5.261 |
| Psychiatry (reference) | – | – |
| Neurology | 4.784 | 2.044–11.201* |
| Otolaryngology | 2.015 | 0.611–6.649 |
| Other specialties | 1.088 | 0.460–2.578 |
| Oncology | 0.564 | 0.232–1.368 |
| Physician office setting | ||
| Private solo/group practice (reference) | – | – |
| Free standing clinic/urgent center | 3.255 | 1.186–8.938* |
| Community health center | 2.970 | 0.543–16.254 |
| Mental health center | 2.880 | 0.987–8.402 |
| HMO* or other prepaid practice | 4.000 | 0.696–22.994 |
| Faculty practice plan | 0.450 | 0.029–7.013 |
| Physician office ownership | ||
| Physician or physician group (reference) | – | – |
| HMO | 2.217 | 0.501–9.811 |
| Community health center | 1.222 | 0.183–8.137 |
| Medical/academic health center | 2.372 | 0.756–7.445 |
| Other hospital | 2.435 | 0.633–9.359 |
| Other health care corporation | 2.298 | 0.948–5.570 |
| Other | 1.603 | 0.422–6.090 |
| Type of payment | ||
| Private insurance (reference) | – | – |
| Medicare | 1.433 | 0.858–2.394 |
| Medicaid | 1.617 | 0.888–2.947 |
| Worker’s compensation | 0.230 | 0.024–2.175 |
| Selfpay | 2.594 | 1.128–5.967* |
| No charge | 6.630 | 0.724–60.713 |
| Other | 1.728 | 0.292–10.229 |
| Unknown | 0.745 | 0.234–2.374 |
Note:
*
Indicates adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval is significant.
Abbreviation: HMO, Health Maintenance Organization.