Figure 3. Effect of the i.c.v. insulin protocol on hepatic and hypothalamic insulin signaling and gluconeogenic enzyme expression.

(A–F) Insulin did not alter hepatic phosphorylation of Akt (A) or FOXO1 (B), but did stimulate hypothalamic phosphorylation of Akt (C) and hepatic phosphorylation of STAT3 (D), resulting in decreases in gluconeogenic mRNA expression (E). (F) Insulin did not significantly alter gluconeogenic enzyme protein levels. Values are means ± SEM. n = 5. *P < 0.05 vs. aCSF.