Fig. 6.

Effect of leptin on p38 MAPK activation (Luminex): p38 MAPK (p38) and phospho-p38 MAPK (P-p38) were detected in extracts of PMNLs from HS (A and B) and from patients on HD treatment (C and D) stimulated by Escherichia coli (A and C) or by PMA (B and D) incubated in the presence of 70 ng/mL leptin or buffer alone. The ratio between P-p38 and p38 was calculated and set as 1 for the absence of stimulus and leptin. Mean values ± SEM. n = 4; *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 versus the absence of stimulus.