Table 3.
Lifetime opioid use characteristics, opioid-related effects, and opioid treatment history for Groups 1–5 [N (%)]
| Behaviorsb | Group 1c 2,382 (58.7) |
Group 2 405 (10.0) |
Group 3 290 (7.1) |
Group 4 296 (7.3) |
Group 5 688 (16.9) |
χ2(3) Test statistica |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opioid use characteristics | ||||||
| Used an opioid | 922 (38.7) | 405 (100) | 290 (100) | 296 (100) | 688 (100) | |
| Mean age of first opioid use in yr (SD) | 24.8 (8.7) | 22.0 (7.5) | 26.6 (7.1) | 20.2 (5.8) | 18.8 (4.1) | 346.16 |
| Mean age of onset of heaviest opioid use in yr (SD) |
29.4 (10.3) | 26.8 (8.4) | 34.0 (4.5) | 26.0 (7.2) | 25.1 (7.1) | 625.60 |
| Used opioids daily or almost daily | 400 (16.8) | 243 (60.0) | 290 (100.0) | 291 (98.3) | 688 (100.0) | 538.95 |
| Injected opioids intravenously | 193 (8.1) | 131 (32.4) | 190 (65.5) | 192 (65.1) | 609 (88.5) | 302.00 |
|
| ||||||
| Opioid-related effects | ||||||
| Stayed high from opioids for a whole day or more |
337 (14.2) | 248 (61.2) | 255 (87.9) | 262 (88.5) | 639 (92.9) | 162.12 |
| Strong desire for opioids made it hard to think of anything else |
294 (12.3) | 118 (29.1) | 257 (88.6) | 264 (89.2) | 661 (96.1) | 488.43 |
| Opioid use interfered with work, school, or home life |
299 (12.6) | 163 (40.3) | 267 (92.1) | 296 (100.0) | 678 (98.6) | 741.31 |
| Family members, friends, doctor, clergy, boss, or people at work or school objected to opioid use |
267 (11.2) | 134 (33.1) | 255 (87.9) | 279 (94.3) | 660 (95.9) | 465.77 |
| Been arrested or had trouble with the police because of opioid use |
183 (7.7) | 77 (19.0) | 165 (56.9) | 210 (71.0) | 555 (80.7) | 332.81 |
| Gave up or greatly reduced important activities due to opioid use |
267 (11.2) | 125 (30.9) | 256 (88.3) | 284 (96.0) | 661 (96.1) | 481.16 |
|
| ||||||
| Opioid treatment history | ||||||
| Ever treated for an opioid-related problem | 314 (13.2) | 120 (29.7) | 277 (95.5) | 261 (88.2) | 678 (98.6) | 451.99 |
| Ever attended self-help group for opioid use | 193 (8.1) | 90 (24.1) | 230 (79.6) | 217 (73.8) | 563 (81.8) | 327.67 |
a
GEE Wald χ2 tests for all, except independent χ2 test for used opioid daily or almost daily, and opioid use interfered with life due to numerical problem as a result of near complete separation.
b
All behaviors differed significantly by group at p < 0.0015 (i.e., 0.05/33).
c
Over 80% of Group 1 reported using opioids fewer than 11 times and thus skipped out of the rest of the opioid drugs section; this group was excluded from group comparison χ2 tests.