Table 4.

Studies reporting associations between mastery and measures of metabolic dysregulation.

Study	Participants	Design	Mastery Construct	Mastery Measure	CVD Outcome	Results/Findings	Effect Size (Cohen’s d)
Daniel et al., 1995	189 on-reserve registered Indians in British Columbia (age ≥18 years) with diabetes and family history of non-insulin- depended diabetes mellitus	Cross- sectional	Personal Mastery	Pearlin and Schooler Mastery Scale	Fasting glucose, insulin concentration, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, triglycerides, and cholesterol	Mastery was inversely associated with fasting glucose levels, but not insulin	Glucose: d = −.15 (insufficient information for insulin)
Daniel et al., 2001	198 on-reserve registered Indians in a rural aboriginal population in British Columbia with and at risk for type 2 diabetes, age ≥18 years	Cross- sectional	Personal Mastery	Pearlin and Schooler Mastery Scale	HDL cholesterol and triglycerides	For those with diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, HDL cholesterol was positively associated with mastery. However, for normoglycemics, HDL cholesterol was negatively associated with mastery. Mastery was unassociated with triglycerides.	HDL: d = 1.71 (diabetics) d = −1.28 (normoglyce mics) Triglycerides: d = .31 (all participants)
Paquet et al., 2010	344 men and women free of diagnosed metabolic disease, ages 18-57 years	Cross- sectional	Personal Mastery	Pearlin and Schooler Mastery Scale	Cumulative metabolic risk including measures of HDL and total cholesterol, waist circumference, BMI, triglycerides, and glycated hemoglobin	Mastery was negatively associated with metabolic risk. There was also mastery-by-fast- food exposure (in one’s immediate environment) on metabolic risk. Higher mastery was associated with lower metabolic risk for those living near a high concentration of fast- food restaurants. Mastery was unassociated with metabolic risk for those in an area with a low- concentration of fast-food restaurants.	Mastery Main Effect: d = −.28 Mastery X Fast-food Interaction: d = −.16
Surgenor et al., 2000	96 women with diabetes, ages 17-50 years	Cross- sectional	“Sense of Control”	Shapiro Control Inventory; includes a general “overall” score for “sense of control.”	Metabolic control status of glucose as assessed by HbA1c	Those with optimal HbA1c status had higher levels of overall sense of control than those with suboptimal or poor HbA1c status.	d = .94
Surgenor et al., 2002	96 women with diabetes mellitus (DM) ages 17-50	Cross- sectional	“Sense of Control”	Shapiro Control Inventory; includes a general “overall” score for “sense of control.”	Metabolic control of glucose as assessed by HbA1c	Overall sense of control was negatively associated with HbA1c.	d = −.58

Note. BMI = body mass index; HDL = high density lipoprotein