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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 Jan 22;33(4):729–739. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00890.x

Table 3.

Best Linkage Peaks (LODs > 2) Shown with Convergent Findings

Chr Marker
(Position/cM)		 LOD Number of Genes in Region (~±1 LOD)
& Candidate Gene Examples		 Independent Linkage
Results in Humans
1
1		 D1S2667 (29.9)
D1S2697 (38.3)		 2.104
2.189		 Total genes in region = 497 with 49 being ethanol-related*, including:
STX12 (syntaxin 12-binding protein) (Rodd et al., 2006) 1p35.3; separates for
ethanol preference in rats (Treadwell, 2006) and down-regulated in alcoholic vs.
control human brains (Sokolov et al., 2003).
OPRD1 (opioid receptor, delta-1) 1p36.1-p34.3; reported to modulate substance
dependence risk , but null findings also reported (Xuei et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2008).		 De Andrade et al. (2005):
LOD=2.15 @ 52 cM for maximum
number of drinks in 24 hours.
1 D1S218 (189.2) 2.136 Total genes in region = 238 with 33 being ethanol-related*, including:
DHX9 (DEAH (Asp-Glu-Ala-His) box polypeptide 9) 1q25: down-regulated in the
temporal cortex of alcohol abuse indivudals versus controls (Sokolov et al., 2003).		 Hill et al (2004): LOD=3.46 @
169 cM (D1S196) for alcoholism.
1 GATA88F03 (227.3) 2.803 Total genes in region = 237 with 20 being ethanol-related*, including:
AGT (angiotensinogen) 1q42.2; may mediate alcohol consumption as precursor of
angiotensin II, which correlates with voluntary alcohol intake in mice (Maul et al., 2001);
baseline levels are higher in prefrontal cortex of alcohol-preferring vs. non-
alcohol preferring rats (Rodd et al., 2006); down-regulated in frontal cortex of
alcoholic vs. control human brains (Lewohl et al., 2000).		 Agrawal et al. (2007): LOD=2.0
@ 213 cM for DSM-IV alcohol
dependence symptoms.
Dick et al. (2002): LOD=2.3 @
235 cM for a factor age of onset of
regular drinking and harm
avoidance.
3 D3S1267 (131.8) 2.682 Total genes in region = 187 with 11 being ethanol-related*, including:
TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) 3q13.3-q21; In mice, thyrotropin-releasing
hormone appears to modulate various parameters related to ethyl alcohol
consumption (e.g. French et al., 1993) .		 Ma et al. (2005): LODs up to 1.3
@ ~130 cM (3p21) for alcohol
dependence.
Ehlers et al. (2005): LOD=2.2 @
143 cM for alcohol craving.
3 GATA92B06 (177.4)
AAC030 (186.9)		 2.503
2.011		 Total genes in region = 187 with 10 being ethanol-related*, including:
SOX2 (SRY (sex determining region Y) – box 2) 3q26.3-q27; up-regulated in the
prefrontal cortex of alcoholic versus control subjects (Iwamoto et al., 2004).
5 GATA141B10 (82.5) 2.498 Total genes in region = 169 with 52 being ethanol-related*, including:
PIK3R1 (phosphoinositide-3-kinase, regulatory subunit 1 (alpha)) 5q13.1; associated
with patterns of risky alcohol consumption in male adolescents (Desrivieres et al., 2008).
CARTPT (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) prepropeptide)
5q13.2; associated with alcoholism in Korean males (Jung et al., 2004).		 Hill et al (2004): LOD=3.54 @
108 cM (D5S644) for alcoholism.
6
6
6
6		 ATA109H09 (8.7)
D6S1574 (14.4)
SE30 (15.1)
D6S309 (19.3)		 2.296
2.178
3.265
2.220		 Total genes in region = 80 with 23 being ethanol-related*, including:
NRN1 (neuritin 1) (Rodd et al., 2006) 6p25.1; implicated in the development of
schizophrenia (Moises et al., 2002) and differential expression profiles for bipolar
(Jurata et al., 2004); cross-matched with alcoholism due to clinical comorbidity that
may in part be due to genetic overlap (Nurnberger Jr. et al., 2004).		 Hill et al (2004): LOD=4.25 @ 15
cM (D6S1574) for alcoholism.
Ma et al. (2005): LODs up to 1.57
@ 6p24 for definitions of alcohol
dependence.
20
20		 AAAT007 (2.4)
D20S889 (11.1)		 2.399
2.358		 Total genes in region = 91 with 7 being ethanol-related*, including:
PDYN (prodynorphin) 20pter-p12; associated with risk for alcohol dependence
(Xuei et al., 2006) and cocaine/alcohol codependence (Williams et al., 2007).
X DXS6800 (88.2) 2.050 Total genes in region = 230 with 15 being ethanol-related*, including:
ITGB1BP2 (integrin beta 1 binding protein (melusin) 2) Xq12-q13.1; down-
regulated in the nucleus accumbens, a brain region thought to mediate the rewarding
effects of addictive substances, in alcoholics versus controls (Flatscher-Bader et al., 2005).
*

as listed at ERGR (Ethanol-Related Gene Resource - http://bioinfo.vipbg.vcu.edu/ERGR)