Table 1.

Demographic Characteristics, Economic Risk Factors, Health-Related Quality of Life, and Household Food Insecurity by Urban/Rural Residence (n = 1,367 women)¹

	Urban (n = 420) % (n)	Rural (n = 947) % (n)	P - value
Demographic characteristics
Age, years
18–44	38.8 (163)	25.1 (238)	<0.0012
45–64	41.9 (176)	46.1 (437)	0.146
≥65	19.3 (81)	28.7 (272)	<0.0012
Race
Nonwhitea	23.6 (99)	18.9 (179)	0.048
Education
<12 years	10.5 (44)	14.4 (136)	0.050
Economic risk factors
Annual household income
Poverty (≤ 100% FPL)	15.7 (66)	21.9 (207)	0.009
Low income (101–199% FPL)	12.1 (51)	16.6 (157)	0.035
Above low income (≥200% FPL)	72.1 (303)	61.6 (583)	<0.0012
Employment
Not employed full-time	58.3 (245)	64.3 (609)	0.035
Health-Related Quality of Lifeb
Fair-to-poor general health	14.8 (62)	25.8 (244)	<0.0012
Poor physical healthc	10.4 (42)	16.0 (140)	0.008
Frequent mental distressd	13.8 (55)	15.6 (139)	0.399
Household food security
Food insecurity	24.0 (101)	29.5 (279)	0.039

¹Difference in frequencies between urban and rural participants calculated with cross-tabulations and χ² statistic;

²Statistically significant after using Bonferroni correction for multiple comparison (Bonferroni-corrected p = 0.004).

^aNonwhite includes black or African Americans (urban = 47, 11.2%; rural = 95, 10%), Hispanics (urban = 33, 7.9%; rural = 36, 3.8%), and other races (urban = 19, 4.5%; rural = 5.1%)

^bCut-off scores for components of Health-Related Quality of Life: Fair-to-poor general health = fair or poor vs. excellent, very good, or good; Poor physical health = 14 or more physically unhealthy days in the past 30 days; Frequent mental distress = 14 or more mentally unhealthy days in the past 30 days.

^cn = 1279 (urban = 404; rural = 875) due to missing data on healthy days of physical health.

^dn = 1290 (urban = 399; rural = 891) due to missing data on healthy days of mental health.