Table 1.
Means and Frequencies for Key Study Variables, by Race/Ethnicity
| Full Sample (n = 12,076) | White (n = 8,152) | African-American (n = 1,899) | Mexican Immigrant (n = 739) | 3rd-Plus Latino/a (n = 1,286) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birth Status | |||||
| Parents married at birth | 68.3 | 81.1a | 26.8d | 67.3b | 55.3c |
| Parents unmarried at birth | 29.6 | 17.8d | 69.5a | 28.2c | 41.0b |
| Missing birth status | 2.1 | 1.1b | 3.7a | 4.5a | 3.7a |
| Current Family Structure (by Birth Status) | |||||
| After a marital births | |||||
| Married biological | 56.8 | 68.5a | 18.2d | 59.8b | 43.5c |
| Married stepparent | 2.6 | 3.4a | 0.5c | 1.1b | 1.8b |
| Cohabiting stepparent | 1.4 | 1.6a | 0.3b | 1.6a | 1.4a |
| Single parent | 7.5 | 7.5a | 7.6a | 4.8b | 8.6a |
| After a nonmarital births | |||||
| Married biological | 5.6 | 4.6c | 6.6b | 6.6b | 8.9a |
| Cohabiting biological | 3.5 | 1.9c | 5.3b | 9.8a | 6.2b |
| Married stepparent | 3.3 | 2.7b | 5.5a | 2.2b | 4.7a |
| Cohabiting stepparent | 2.2 | 1.7b | 3.7a | 2.0b | 2.5b |
| Single parent | 12.4 | 5.4d | 39.6a | 7.5c | 16.4b |
| Guradian/Adopted/Other | 2.8 | 1.5bc | 8.9a | 0.2c | 2.5b |
| Family/Parent Characteristics | |||||
| Parent education (M/SD) | 2.9 (1.2) | 3.2 (1.1)a | 2.5 (1.0)b | 1.8 (1.0)c | 2.5 (1.0)b |
| Per capita income/1000 (M/SD) | 12.4 (13.3) | 15.0 (13.1)a | 7.0 (8.3)c | 4.8 (4.5)d | 9.9 (12.9)b |
| Home language use (non-English) | 8.0 | 0.3c | 0.2c | 85.6a | 18.8b |
| Maternal age at first birth (M/SD) | 23.5 (5.6) | 24.7 (5.4)a | 20.5 (4.9)c | 21.6 (4.6)b | 21.7 (5.1)b |
| In-home activities (M/SD) | 2.78 (.49) | 2.82 (.45)a | 2.76 (.53)b | 2.47 (.62)c | 2.77 (.47)b |
| Reading activities (M/SD) | 3.21 (.74) | 3.23 (.71)a | 3.24 (.80)a | 2.94 (.91)b | 3.23 (.69)a |
| Parent/child warmth (M/SD) | 1.30 (.36) | 1.31 (.35)a | 1.25 (.39)b | 1.31 (.49)a | 1.29 (.35)ab |
| Parenting stress (M/SD) | 3.40 (.46) | 3.42 (.41)a | 3.33 (.56)b | 3.29 (.61)c | 3.42 (.46)a |
| Preschool Experience | |||||
| Parental care | 17.3 | 16.3d | 12.0c | 38.1a | 21.6b |
| Relative care | 13.3 | 11.2b | 17.7a | 13.5b | 19.1a |
| Non-relative care | 11.0 | 13.6a | 4.1c | 7.2b | 7.7b |
| Center care | 42.3 | 48.5a | 33.1b | 20.0c | 33.2b |
| Head start | 9.6 | 5.3d | 22.0a | 16.1b | 12.6c |
| Other care | 4.9 | 4.4b | 8.0a | 3.4b | 4.6b |
| Other Controls | |||||
| Child gender (female) | 48.7 | 48.6a | 49.6a | 46.8a | 49.0a |
| Child age in months (M/SD) | 68.6 (4.5) | 68.9 (4.4)a | 68.34 (4.6)b | 67.3 (4.7)c | 68.1 (4.4)b |
Note: Results were weighted. Statistics with different subscripts differed significantly (p < .05) between groups in question. Means with the same subscript did not differ significantly.