Table 4.

Results for Kindergarten Math Scores, by Birth Status, Current Family Structure, and Race/Ethnicity

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
	Estimate	p	Estimate	p	Estimate	p
Birth Status by Current Structure
After marital birth
Married stepparent	−1.06	**	0.05		0.03
Cohabiting stepparent	−2.79	***	−1.53	***	−1.51	***
Single parent	−1.93	***	−0.88	***	−0.81	**
After nonmarital birth
Married biological	−2.44	***	−0.81	**	−0.81	**
Cohabiting biological	−2.94	***	−1.06	*	−1.16	*
Married stepparent	−2.73	***	−1.05	*	−1.06	*
Cohabiting stepparent	−4.62	***	−2.57	***	−2.63	***
Single parent	−2.29	***	−0.40		−0.42
Guardian/adopted	−1.28	*	0.04		0.15
Unknown birth status	−3.67	***	−2.65	***	−2.71	***
Race/Ethnicity
African-American	−3.12	***	−2.29	***	−2.33	***
After marital birth
Married stepparent	0.46		0.20		0.23
Cohabiting stepparent	0.89		0.38		0.43
Single parent	0.72		0.64		0.68
After nonmarital birth
Married biological	1.32		0.44		0.46
Cohabiting biological	1.35		0.86		0.93
Married stepparent	1.43		1.45		1.47
Cohabiting stepparent	2.81	**	2.74	**	2.67	**
Single parent	−0.07		−0.01		−0.02
Guardian/adopted	−1.12		−0.97		−1.12
Unknown birth status	1.08		1.52		0.67
Mexican Immigrant	−6.00	***	−2.58	***	−3.39	***
After marital birth
Married step	1.41		0.55		0.29
Cohabiting stepparent	3.54		1.39		1.80
Single parent	1.15		0.47		0.76
After nonmarital birth
Married biological	1.06		−0.33		−0.17
Cohabiting biological	1.78		0.40		0.65
Married stepparent	−0.54		−2.13		−2.14
Cohabiting stepparent	2.60		0.69		1.08
Single parent	1.72		0.43		0.69
Guardian/adopted	−0.43		0.67		0.46
Unknown birth status	1.30		1.25		1.36
3rd-Plus Latino/a	−3.18	***	−1.57	***	−1.97	***
After marital birth
Married step	1.19		−0.12		0.03
Cohabiting stepparent	3.49	*	1.92		2.32
Single parent	0.26		0.02		0.08
After nonmarital birth
Married biological	1.13		0.84		.65
Cohabiting biological	2.47	**	2.29	*	2.29	*
Married stepparent	0.24		−0.41		−0.43
Cohabiting stepparent	2.54	*	1.50		1.76
Single parent	0.04		−0.16		−0.15
Guardian/adopted	0.05		−0.49		−0.42
Unknown birth status	1.52		1.87		1.59
Δ-2 Res LL/df (vs. prior model)			−1176/2	***	+116/7	***

^***p<.001,

^**p<.01,

^*p<.05.

Note: Model 1 controlled for region and child age and gender, was weighted, included a random intercept for school, and used MI to deal with missing data on continuous measures. Model 2 also controlled for parent education and per capita income. Model 3 also controlled for other family factors and preschool experiences. For sets of dummy variables, reference categories were married biological (current family structure; birth status by current structure) and White (race/ethnicity).