Table 6.
Application studies with oral fluid testing.
| Type | No. of samples | Screening | Confirmation | Prevalence, % | Reference | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| THC | Opiates | Amphetamines | Cocaine | Benzodiazepines | |||||
| D: I/Sa | 302 | Toxiquick | GC-MSb | 56.8 | 8.0 | 48.3 | 5.7 | Biermann et al. (19) | |
| D: Hos | 300 | Cozart Microplate ELISA | GC-MS & LC-MS/MS | ≥1.7 | ≥1.4 | ≥1.4 | ≥0.4 | ≥6.7 | Bernhoft et al. (70) |
| D | 61 | DrugWipe & Intercept | GC-MS | 29.5 | Kintz et al. (71) | ||||
| D: I/S | 131 | Dräger DrugTest | GC-MS | 54.2 | 17.6 | 32.8 | 14.5 | Toennes et al. (64) | |
| D: I/S | 177 | Dräger DrugTest | GC-MS | 54.2 | 19.8 | 44.1 | 16.4 | Toennes et al. (65) | |
| D | 55 | — | LC-MS/MS | 3.6 | 27.3 | 20.0 | Wood et al. (54) | ||
| D: Ra | 1396 | Cozart Microplate ELISA | GC-MS | 3.7 | ≥3.2 | ≥4.6 | 1.6 | 2.0 | Wylie et al. (69) |
| D: Rd | 468 | Dräger DrugTest | LC-MS | ≥38.7 | ≥3.5 | ≥7.0 | ≥35.5 | Concheiro et al. (17) | |
| D: Rd | 468 | OraLab | LC-MS | ≥9.5 | ≥3.5 | ≥1.2 | ≥18.5 | Concheiro et al. (17) | |
| D: R | 13 176 | DrugWipe & RapiScan | GC-MS | ≥0.7 | ≥2.0 | Drummer et al. (10) | |||
| D: I/S | 114 | DrugWipe | GC-MS | 87.7 | Engblom et al. (66) | ||||
| D: I/S | 40 | DrugWipe | ELISA & MSb | 37.5 | 12.5 | 5.0 | 20.0 | Crouch et al. (18) | |
| D: I/S | 267 | DrugWipe | ELISA & MSb | 14.6 | 2.6 | 4.1 | 14.6 | Crouch et al. (18) | |
| D: R | 10 816 | — | LC-MS/MS | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 1.4 | Gjerde et al. (68) |
| D: I/S | 148 | DrugWipe | GC-MS | 15.5 | 2.7 | 90.5 | 1.4 | 50.6 | Pehrsson et al. (67) |
| T | 217 | Cozart Microplate ELISA | GC-MS | 53.5 | Cooper et al. (23) | ||||
| T | 358 | Cozart RapiScan | GC-MS | 25.4 | 31.6 | Cooper et al. (21) | |||
| T | 198 | Cozart Microplate ELISA | GC-MS | 57.1 | Cooper et al. (79) | ||||
| T | 216 | Cozart Microplate ELISA | GC-MS | 50.5 | Cooper et al. (22) | ||||
| T | 27 | Sun OraLine IV s.a.t. | GC-MS | 52.0 | Cirimele et al. (87) | ||||
| T | 135 | Cozart Microplate ELISA | GC-MS | 57.8 | Cooper et al. (24) | ||||
| T | 513 | Orasure Intercept | LC-MS/MS | 57.9 | Phillips and Allen (107) | ||||
| T&W | 635 000 | Orasure Intercept | GC-MS/MS | ≥0.1 | ≥1.1 | ≥0.1 | ≥0.2 | ≥0.1 | Cone et al. (74) |
| T | 403 | Sarstedt Salivette | LC-MS/MS | 15.4 | 32.3 | Dams et al. (89) | |||
| T | 134 | Cozart Microplate ELISA | GC-MS & LC-MS | 73.1 | 23.9 | Speedy et al. (32) | |||
| T | 20 | Cozart DDSV | GC-MS | 90.0 | Kintz et al. (14) | ||||
a
D, DUID; Hos, hospitalized drivers; I/S, impaired or suspected drivers; R, random; Ra, random at high-risk accident area; Rd, random near discotheques; T, treatment; W, workplace testing;
b
Screening with OF, but confirmation with blood.