Figure 1.

Effects of foliar hormone application of 500 μm ethephon, 100 μm MeJA, and 250 μm BTH on relative expression levels of six defense-related genes in systemic rice roots at 24 h after treatment. Fifteen-day-old Nipponbare rice shoots were sprayed until runoff with 500 μm ethephon, 100 μm MeJA, 250 μm BTH, or the corresponding control solution, and qRT-PCR was executed on RNA from root tissue 24 h after treatment. The relative expression levels of the selected genes in root tips of treated versus untreated plants are shown. Gene expression levels were normalized using two internal reference genes: OseIF4α and OsUBQ5. Bars represent means and se of two biological replicates, each containing a pool of eight plants. Asterisks indicate statistically significant differential expression in comparison with untreated plants. [See online article for color version of this figure.]