Figure 4.

Mechanisms proposed for the neuroprotective effects exerted by cannabinoids against oxidative injury that occurs in most neurodegenerative disorders, including HD and PD. These neuroprotective effects involve mainly CB₁ and CB₂ receptor-independent mechanisms. COX, cyclooxygenase; DA, dopamine; DOPAC, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LOX, lipoxygenase; MAO, monoamine oxidase; nrf-2, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2; ROS, reactive oxygen species.