Table 1. Demographic and clinical features of the study groups.
| Variables | Groupa | p-value | |||||
| C(n = 32) | UM(n = 47) | HM(n = 49) | SM(n = 44) | IBI(n = 39) | HM,UM & SMb | SM & IBI | |
| Age, months (n = 211) | 17 (6–26) | 31 (19–42) | 22 (16–33) | 25 (14–40) | 10 (4–16) | 0.211 | <0.001 |
| Sex (n = 211) | |||||||
| Male | 22 (69) | 30 (64) | 25 (51) | 27 (61) | 24 (62) | 0.792 | 0.987 |
| Female | 10 (31) | 17 (36) | 24 (49) | 17 (39) | 15 (38) | ||
| Days of fever prior to visit/admission (n = 162) | |||||||
| ≤3 | NAc | 44 (94) | 37 (86) | 30 (91) | 32 (82) | 0.605 | 0.279 |
| >3 | NA | 3 (6) | 6 (14) | 3 (9) | 7 (18) | ||
| Severe malnutritiond (n = 159) | |||||||
| No | NA | 46 (100) | 39 (93) | 33 (89) | 26 (76) | 0.032 | 0.153 |
| Yes | NA | 0 (0) | 3 (7) | 4 (11) | 8 (24) | ||
| Hemoglogin, g/dl (n = 173) | NA | 93.98 (14.77) | 75.96 (16.48) | 64.34 (22.99) | 75.67 (16.58) | <0.001 | 0.013 |
| Severe anemiae (n = 179) | |||||||
| No | NA | 47 (100) | 49 (100) | 28 (64) | 37 (95) | <0.001 | 0.001 |
| Yes | NA | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 16 (36) | 2 (5) | ||
| Lactic acidosisf (n = 67) | |||||||
| No | NA | NA | NA | 18 (64) | 29 (74) | NA | 0.374 |
| Yes | NA | NA | NA | 10 (36) | 10 (26) | ||
| Oxigen saturationg (n = 67) | |||||||
| ≥94% | NA | NA | NA | 21 (75) | 20 (49) | ||
| 90-<94% | NA | NA | NA | 3 (11) | 8 (19) | NA | 0.145 |
| <90% | NA | NA | NA | 4 (14) | 11 (32) | ||
| HIV (n = 43) | |||||||
| Negative | NA | NA | NA | 15 (83) | 10 (40) | NA | 0.004 |
| Positive | NA | NA | NA | 3 (17) | 15 (60) | ||
| Outcome (n = 124) | |||||||
| Alive | NA | NA | 48 (100) | 44 (100) | 23 (72) | NA | <0.001 |
| Death | NA | NA | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 9 (28) | ||
NOTE. Median and inter-quartile range (IQR) for age. Mean and standard deviation (SD) for hemoglobin. Other data are n (%) of patients.
a
C: control, UM: uncomplicated malaria, HM: hospital malaria, SM: severe malaria, IBI: invasive bacterial infection.
b
Test for linear trend.
c
NA: Not applicable.
d
Weight for age z-score <-3 from U.S. reference population.
e
Hematocrit <15% or hemoglobin <5 g/dl.
f
Plasma lactate >5 mmol/l.