Figure 1. Known intracellular signaling pathways involved in PMT action on host cells.

Overall cellular outcomes that are enhanced by PMT are indicated in red boxes, while outcomes that are blocked by PMT are indicated in blue boxes. Known direct target substrates of PMT (Gα_q, Gα_i and Gα_12/13) are indicated in yellow. Arrows point in the direction of positive/activation of the signaling pathway, while barred lines indicate negative/inhibition of the signaling pathway. Solid lines indicate interactions that are known to be direct, while dashed lines indicate indirect interactions or effects. P_i indicates phosphorylation of the signaling molecule. Abbreviations: GsPCR, G_s-protein coupled receptor; G_iPCR, G_i-protein coupled receptor; G_qPCR, G_q-protein coupled receptor; G_12/13PCR, G_12/13-protein coupled receptor; PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; PPAR, peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor; GIRK, G-protein-coupled inward-rectifying K⁺ channel; AC, adenylate cyclase; PKA, cAMP-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase A; PKD, DAG-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase D; C/EBP, CAATT-enhancer binding protein; Pref1, preadipocyte factor 1; JAK, Janus tyrosine protein kinase; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; SOCS, suppressors of cytokine signaling; Cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2; Pim-1, Pim serine/threonine protein kinase-1; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; PDK1, phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1; Akt, (also PKB) serine/threonine protein kinase; Frizzled, Wnt-activated G-protein coupled receptor; β-catenin, subunit of the cadherin adherens junction protein complex; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma 2 anti-apoptotic protein; NFAT, nuclear factor of activated T cells transcription factor; CN, calcium-calmodulin-dependent calcineurin protein phosphatase; CaM, calcium-dependent calmodulin; MLCK, myosin light chain kinase (serine/threonine protein kinase); MLCPase, myosin light chain phosphatase; Ras, Ras small regulatory GTPase; RhoA, RhoA small regulatory GTPase; Rac, Rac1 small regulatory GTPase; CDC42, Cdc42 small regulatory GTPase; RhoK, Rho kinase ROKα; FAK, p125FAK focal adhesion tyrosine protein kinase; paxillin, focal adhesion adaptor protein; PLCβ, phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipase C β isoform; PKC, calcium-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase C; nPCK, novel PKC; Raf, Ras-activated factor serine/threonine protein kinase; Grb2, growth factor receptor-bound adaptor protein 2; Sos, son of sevenless guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein serine/threonine protein kinase; MEK, MAPK serine/threonine protein kinase; Erk1/2, (also p42/p44 MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated serine/threonine protein kinase; JNK, (also MAPK10) c-Jun N-terminal serine/threonine protein kinase; RSK, ribosomal S6 serine/threonine protein kinase; CREB, cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 transcription factor.