Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Biol Med (Maywood). 2011 Jul 12;236(9):1051–1063. doi: 10.1258/ebm.2011.010400

Figure 7. Schematic diagram showing wolfberry and/or zeaxanthin and lutein modulated retinal protection in type 2 diabetes.

Figure 7

Dietary wolfberry restores AMPK, at least partially, through zeaxanthin and/or lutein. Restoration of AMPK and FOXO3α signaling leads to enhanced expression of thioredoxin and Mn SOD which in turn results in normalization of cellular ROS and attenuation of ER stress. This could lead to prevention of retinal apoptosis and restoration of retinal structure in the type 2 diabetic mouse. Dash line represents multiple steps.