In vivo imaging of rats: QDs injected into the translucent skin on the foot (a) shows fluorescence, but not through the thicker skin of the back (b) or abdomen (c); PEI/NaYF4:Yb,Er UCNPs injected below the abdominal skin (d), thigh muscles (e), or below the skin of the back (f) show luminescence.111 Whole body images of a rat iv injected with NaYF4:Yb,Tm UCNPs; intact rat (g), same rat after dissection (h)113