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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nanomedicine. 2011 Mar 17;7(6):710–729. doi: 10.1016/j.nano.2011.02.013

Table 1.

Several types of ET processes

Types Schematic of strategies Remarks
EFE graphic file with name nihms283766t1.jpg Energy is transferred from the sensitizing ion from an excited state to the activating ion in its state 1 by an ET, promoting the activating ion to its state 2. Next, the activating ion is promoted to its state 3 through an ESA.
SET graphic file with name nihms283766t2.jpg The activating ion in state 1 is promoted to its state 2 by an ET. Next, an activating ion is promoted again to its state 3 via a second ET. Only the sensitizing ion can absorb photos from the incident light.
CR graphic file with name nihms283766t3.jpg The sensitizing ion and the activating ion are identical ions. Photons from the incident light are absorbed by both ions, promoting these ions into state 2. An ET then promotes the activating ion to its state 3 while the sensitizing ion goes into its lower energy state.
CS graphic file with name nihms283766t4.jpg The energy accumulated from two sensitizing ions in their respective excited states is transferred to a single activating ion, promoting the activating ion to its higher excited state.
CL graphic file with name nihms283766t5.jpg The emission comprises a single process of one photon from two excited interacting ions which act as both the sensitizing ion and the activating ion.