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. 2011 Sep 5;2:180. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00180

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Copyright © 2011 Kosiewicz, Zirnheld and Alard.

This is an open-access article subject to a non-exclusive license between the authors and Frontiers Media SA, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and other Frontiers conditions are complied with.

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Impact of the composition of the flora on the immune response and disease development. Dysbiosis can arise from either (1) a reduction in Treg-inducing bacteria (e.g., Bifidobacteria or Bacteroides) that results in decreased Tregs, but unchanged levels of Teff cells; or (2) an enrichment in pro-inflammatory bacteria (e.g., SFB) that results in increased Teff cells, but unchanged levels of Tregs. In both cases, the Treg:Teff cell balance is biased toward the Teff cells, and the outcome of this imbalance can be development of disease in genetically susceptible individuals.