Diagrams of vectors containing viral sequences used to produce tandem arrays for real-time live cell imaging.(a) Vector used by Molle and colleagues to determine the residency times of Tat and Cdk9 on the HIV-1-LTR-driven transgene (57). (b, c) Modifications of the vector presented in panel a used in Reference 8 to measure transcription elongation rate. (d) MMTV-LTR containing glucocorticoid receptor (GR) binding sites developed by McNally and colleagues was used to determine various kinetic parameters of gene activation by hormones (45, 54, 58, 80). Similarly, the vector presented in panel e has been used to study NF-κB interaction with its binding sites (9). The original vector designations and references in which they were first described are given. The kinetic parameters of transcription were obtained on tandem arrays in each of these vectors. Systems are discussed in the text. Diagrams are not drawn to scale. (For a compilation of other existing gene arrays, see Reference 68.) Abbreviations: BPV: bovine papilloma virus; Gag: retroviral gene coding for internal structural proteins; GRE: glucocorticoid-responsive element; NF-κB: nuclear factor κB; RRE: Rev-responsive element; SA7: splice acceptor 7; SD1: splicedonor 1; SKL: Ser-Lys-Leu peroxisome-targeting peptide; v-Ha-ras: Harvey viral ras.