. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Sep 5.

Published in final edited form as: Future Neurol. 2011 Jul 1;6(4):531–571. doi: 10.2217/fnl.11.34

Table 4. Comparison of neurobiological parameters between patients with anxiety disorder and mouse models of enhanced anxiety-related behavior.

	Patients^†		Mouse models
*Neuroanatomical (volume) alterations*
Anterior cingulate cortex	↓	[492–498]	–	–
Orbitofrontal cortex	↓	[497,499,500]	–	–
Hippocampus	↓	[497,501–503]	↓	[198,504]
Amygdala	↓	[494,498,505]	↓	[506]
*Activity processing*
Amygdala	↑(↓)^‡	[22]	↑(↓)^§	[54,119,224,305,309,362,363,364]
Prefrontal cortex	↑ dACC	[22]	–	–
Prefrontal cortex	↑↓^‡ rACC	[22]	↑↓ Cg	[77,183,259,261,507]
*Neurochemistry*
GABA system	↓	[21]	↓	[87,508,509]
NA system	↑	[21]	↑	[136,510]
5-HT system	Not clear		–	–
DA system	Not clear		–	–
Neuropeptides	↑ CRH	[21]	↑ CRH	[511–514]
	↑↓ NPY	[21]	↓ NPY	[209]
	↑ SP	[515,516]	↑ SP	[328]
*Physiological parameters including autonomic arousal*
Autonomic arousal	↑	[517–518]	↑	[80,385,519]
Sleep disturbance/insomnia	Yes	[17,520,599]	Yes	[362,521,522]
*Neuroendocrinology*
CORT	↑ ↓	[21]	↑ ↓	[136,140,511,512,514,523]

^†

Mainly post-traumatic stress disorder or panic disorder.

^‡

Based on a very small number of studies.

^§

Increased activation mainly in the central amygdala (see. Table 5).

↑: Increased; ↓: Decreased; 5-HT: Serotonin; Cg: Cingulate cortex; CORT: Cortisol/corticosterone; CRH: Corticotropin-releasing hormone; DA: Dopamine; dACC: Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex; NA: Noradrenaline; NPY: Neuropeptide Y; rACC: Rostral anterior cingulate cortex; SP: Substance P.