Table 5. Functional mapping in mouse models of enhanced anxiety-related behavior.
| Mouse | model | Challenge | Marker | Cortex | Septum | BNST | Hippocampus | Hypothalamus | Thalamus | Amygdala | PAG | Hind- brain |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mutants | |||||||||||||
| OXT KO | f | EPM | c-Fos | – | – | – | – | – | – | ↑ MeA | – | – | [524] |
| mGluR8 KO | m | Restraint | c-Fos | – | – | ↓ | – | – | – | ↓ MeA | – | – | [525] |
| f | Shaker | c-Fos | – | – | – | – | – | – | ↓ MeA | – | – | [526] | |
| m | EPM | c-Fos | – | – | – | – | – | ↑ CMT | – | – | – | [413] | |
| ATP1α2 HET | m | CF | c-Fos | ↑ Pir | – | – | – | – | – | ↑ | – | – | [527] |
| CRHR2 KO | m | EPM | pCREB | ↓ Cg | – | ↓ | – | ↓ VMH | – | ↓ BLA | – | – | [259] |
| Fyn KO | CF | c-Fos | – | – | – | – | ↑ PVN, LH | – | ↑ CeA, MeA, BMA, ACo ↓ LA, BLA |
↑ | – | [481] | |
| TgNTRK3 | m | Restraint | c-Fos | ↑ PrL | ↑ LS | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | [528] |
| Yohimbine | c-Fos | ↑ Cg | – | – | – | ↓ PVN | – | ↑ CeA | – | – | [183] | ||
| Caffeine | c-Fos | ↑ Cg | – | – | – | – | – | ↑ BLA | – | – | [183] | ||
| BAFF OE | m | EPM | c-Fos | ↑ Cg | – | – | ↑ DG | ↑ PVN | – | ↑ BLA | – | – | [507] |
| Environmental manipulation | |||||||||||||
| CSC | m | OAE | c-Fos | – | ↓ LS | – | ↓ CA3 | ↓ PVN | – | – | ↑ DMPAG | – | [138] |
| Mice with naturally occurring high trait anxiety | |||||||||||||
| HVWR | m | PO/OF | c-Fos | – | – | ↓ CA1, CA3, DG | – | – | – | – | – | [97] | |
| HAB | m | OAE | c-Fos | ↓ Cg | ↑ LS | – | ↓ DG | ↑ LH, DMH, VMH, MPA |
– | ↑ MeA, LA, ACo | ↑ DMPAG | ↑ LC | [77] |
| 129P3/J | f | mHB | c-Fos | ↓ PrL | ↓ LS | ↑ | ↓ DG | – | – | ↑ CeA ~ CeA, BLA |
– | – | [69,260] |
| BALB/c | m | Restraint | c-Fos | ↓ Cg | – | – | ↓ DG | – | ↑ PV | – | – | – | [257] |
↑: Hyperactivation; ↓: Hypoactivation; ~: Unaltered anxiety-related behavior; ACo: Cortical amygdala; ATP1a: Sodium pump α2 subunit; BAFF: B-cell activating factor; BLA: Basolateral amygdala; BMA: Basomedial amygdala; BNST: Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; CA1: CA1 region of the hippocampus; CA3: CA3 region of the hippocampus; CeA: Central amygdala; CF: Conditioned fear expression; Cg: Cingulate cortex; CMT: Centromedial thalamus; CRHR2: Corticotropin-releasing hormone 2 receptor; CSC: Chronic subordinate colony; DG: Dentate gyrus; DMH: Dorsomedial hypothalamus; DMPAG: Dorsomedial PAG; EPM: Elevated plus maze; f: Female; Fyn: Fyn tyrosine kinase; HAB: High anxiety-related behavior; HET: Heterozygous; HVWR: High voluntary wheel running; KO: Knockout; LA: Lateral amygdala; LC: Locus coeruleus; LH: Lateral hypothalamus; LS: Lateral septum; m: Male; MeA: Medial amygdala; mGluR8: Metabotropic glutamate 8 receptor; mHB: Modified holeboard test; MPA: Medial preoptic area; OAE: Open-arm exposure; OE: Overexpressing; OXT: Oxytocin; PAG: Periaqueductal gray; Pir: Piriform cortex; PO/OF: Predator odor/open-field; PrL: Prelimbic cortex; PV: Paraventricular thalamus; PVN: Paraventricular hypothalamus; TgNTRK3: Transgenic mice overexpressing the full-length neurotrophin-3 receptor TrkC; VMH: Ventromedial hypothalamus.