Fig. 5.

a Comparison of experimental product temperature profiles during primary drying to model predictions. Product temperature reading 1 is from a vial that is closer to the center of the shelf and product temperature reading 2 is closer to the edge of the shelf although not the absolute edge. Shelf temperature and chamber pressure during primary drying were −5°C and 10 Pa. The two model predictions represent two predictions utilizing two values of heat transfer coefficients representative of center and edge vials in the freeze dryer. b Comparisons of experimental product temperature profiles during primary drying to model predictions. Shelf temperature and chamber pressure during primary drying were −2°C and 11 Pa. The two model predictions represent two predictions utilizing two values of heat transfer coefficients representative of center and edge vials in the freeze dryer