Table 3.

The pooled outcome for Oswestry disability score

Outcome	VAS (mediate-term follow-up)				VAS (long-term follow-up)
	n	WMD (95% CI)	Heterogeneity	n	WMD (95% CI)	Heterogeneity
All studies	5	3.33 (−0.17 to 6.8)	p = 0.00	5	4.13 (0.35 to 7.91)	p = 0.00
CCT only	2	4.86 (0.63 to 9.08)	p = 0.39	2	2.69 (−2.28 to 7.67)	p = 0.27
Cohort only	3	2.53 (−1.61 to 6.66)	p = 0.00	3	4.81 (−0.19 to 9.81)	p = 0.00

WMD weighted mean difference, CI confidence interval, NA not applicable

Intermediate-term follow-up: close to 3 months; long-term follow-up: close to 1 year