Table 9a.
Association between formaldehyde and myeloid leukemia (ICD 205).
| Hauptmann et al., 2009* (ICD 205) | Hauptmann et al., 2009* (ICD 205.0) | Beane Freeman et al., 2009 | Pinkerton et al., 2004 | Blair et al., 2001 | |||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Embalmers case-control | Embalmers case-control | NCI Cohort (1934–2004) | US garment workers | US industrial workers | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Measures | Category | Obs | Estimate | 95% CI | Category | Obs | Estimate | 95% CI | Category | Obs | Estimate | 95% CI | Category | Obs | Estimate | 95% CI | Category | Obs | Estimate | 95% CI | |||||
| Unexposed/Exposed | Never embalming | 1 | OR | 1.00 | — | Unexposed | 4 | SMR | 0.65 | 0.25–1.74 | Acute | ||||||||||||||
| Ever embalming | 33 | OR | 11.20 | 1.3-95.6 | Exposed | 44 | SMR | 0.90 | 0.67–1.21 | Exposed | 15 | SMR | 1.44 | 0.80–2.37 | Low | 14 | OR | 0.9 | 0.50–1.60 | ||||||
| High | 0 | OR | — | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Acute | 9 | SMR | 1.34 | 0.61–2.54 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chronic | 4 | SMR | 1.39 | 0.38–3.56 | Chronic | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Other/unspecified | 1 | SMR | 2.15 | 0.05–11.94 | Low | 7 | OR | 1.3 | 0.60–3.10 | ||||||||||||||||
| High | 1 | OR | 2.9 | 0.30–24.50 | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Peak Exposure | <500 embalmings | 5 | OR | 1.00 | — | <500 embalmings | 3 | OR | 1.00 | — | 0 ppm | 4 | RR | 0.82 | 0.25–2.67 | ||||||||||
| >0–7.0 ppm | 9 | OR | 2.90 | 0.9–9.8 | >0–7.0 ppm | 4 | OR | 1.80 | 0.4–9.3 | >0–<2.0 ppm | 14 | RR | 1.00 — | ||||||||||||
| >7.0–9.3 ppm | 9 | OR | 2.00 | 0.6–6.6 | >7.0–9.3 ppm | 5 | OR | 2.10 | 0.5–9.2 | 2.0–<4.0 ppm | 11 | RR | 1.30 | 0.58–2.92 | |||||||||||
| >9.3 ppm | 11 | OR | 2.90 | 0.9–9.5 | >9.3 ppm | 7 | OR | 2.90 | 0.7–12.5 | ≥4.0 ppm | 19 | RR | 1.78 | 0.87–3.64 | |||||||||||
| ptrend = .13 (exposed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ptrend = .07 (exposed and unexposed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Average Intensity | <500 embalmings | 5 | OR | 1.00 | — | <500 embalmings | 3 | OR | 1.00 | — | 0 ppm | 4 | RR | 0.70 | 0.23–2.16 | ||||||||||
| >0–1.4 ppm | 10 | OR | 2.60 | 0.8–8.7 | >0–1.4 ppm | 6 | OR | 2.50 | 0.6–10.9 | >0–<0.5 ppm | 24 | RR | 1.00 | — | |||||||||||
| >1.4–1.9 ppm | 10 | OR | 2.80 | 0.8–9.1 | >1.4–1.9 ppm | 5 | OR | 2.00 | 0.4–9.4 | 0.5–<1.0 ppm | 9 | RR | 1.21 | 0.56–2.62 | |||||||||||
| >1.9 ppm | 9 | OR | 2.30 | 0.7–7.5 | >1.9 ppm | 6 | OR | 2.30 | 0.5–10.3 ≥1.0 ppm | 11 | RR | 1.61 | 0.76–3.39 | ||||||||||||
| ptrend = .43 (exposed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ptrend = .40 (exposed and unexposed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative exposure | <500 embalmings | 5 | OR | 1.00 | — | <500 embalmings | 3 | OR | 1.00 | — | 0 ppm-yr | 4 | RR | 0.61 | 0.2–1.91 | ||||||||||
| >0–4058 ppm-h | 5 | OR | 2.10 | 0.5–8.1 | >0–4058 ppm-h | 2 | OR | 1.30 | 0.2–9.4 | >0–<1.5 ppm-yr | 26 | RR | 1.00 | — | |||||||||||
| >4058–9253 ppm-h | 10 | OR | 2.20 | 0.7–7.1 | >4058–9253 ppm-h | 6 | OR | 1.90 | 0.4–8.2 | >1.5–<5.5 ppm-yr | 8 | RR | 0.82 | 0.36–1.83 | |||||||||||
| >9253 ppm-h | 14 | OR | 3.10 | 1.0–9.6 | >9253 ppm-h | 9 | OR | 3.20 | 0.8–13.1 | ≥5.5 ppm–yr | 10 | RR | 1.02 | 0.48–2.16 | |||||||||||
| ptrend > .5 (exposed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ptrend = .44 (exposed and unexposed) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Cumulative number of peaks ≥4.0 ppm | No association. Results not shown. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Duration of exposure/employment | <500 embalmings | 5 | OR | 1.00 | — | <500 embalmings | 3 | OR | 1.00 | — | <3 yrs | 3 | SMR | 0.83 | — | ||||||||||
| >0–20 yrs | 2 | OR | 0.50 | 0.1–2.9 | >0–20 yrs | 1 | OR | 0.40 | 0.04–4.9 | No association. Results not shown. | 3–9 yrs | 4 | SMR | 1.26 | — | ||||||||||
| >20–34 yrs | 13 | OR | 3.20 | 1.0–10.1 | >20–34 yrs | 8 | OR | 2.90 | 0.7–12.2 | 10+ yrs | 8 | SMR | 2.19 | — | |||||||||||
| >34 yrs | 14 | OR | 3.90 | 1.2–12.5 | >34 yrs | 8 | OR | 3.10 | 0.7–13.7 | ptrend > .05 | |||||||||||||||
| Time since first exposure | <10 yrs | 1 | SMR | 0.90 | — | ||||||||||||||||||||
| <10–19 yrs | 1 | SMR | 0.40 | — | |||||||||||||||||||||
| 20+ yrs | 13 | SMR | 1.91 | † | |||||||||||||||||||||
| ptrend > .05 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Number of embalmings | <500 embalmings | 5 | OR | 1.00 | — | 0 | 3 | OR | 1.00 | — | |||||||||||||||
| >0–1422 | 3 | OR | 1.20 | 0.30–5.50 | >0–1422 | 0 | OR | 0.00 | 0.0–1.8 | ||||||||||||||||
| >1422–3068 | 12 | OR | 2.90 | 0.90–9.10 | >1422–3068 | 8 | OR | 2.90 | 0.7–12.0 | ||||||||||||||||
| >3068 | 14 | OR | 3.00 | 1.00–9.20 | >3068 | 9 | OR | 2.90 | 0.7–11.6 | ||||||||||||||||
| 8-Hour time-weighted average intensity | <500 embalmings | 5 | OR | 1.00 | — | 0 | 3 | OR | 1.00 | — | |||||||||||||||
| >0–0.10 | 8 | OR | 2.40 | 0.70–8.20 | >0–0.10 | 3 | OR | 1.40 | 0.3–7.8 | ||||||||||||||||
| >0.10–0.18 | 10 | OR | 2.60 | 0.80–8.70 | >0.10–0.18 | 7 | OR | 2.60 | 0.6–11.4 | ||||||||||||||||
| >0.18 | 11 | OR | 2.60 | 0.80–8.30 | >0.18 | 7 | OR | 2.60 | 0.6–11.3 | ||||||||||||||||