Table 1.
Effect of aerobic exercise training on liver fat in animals.
| Withdrawal before | Effect of training (EX versus | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Animals | Intervention | measurements | respective SED group on the same diet) | ||||
| Diet | Exercise | Duration | Food | Exercise | BW/VAT | Liver fat | ||
| Ahrens et al., 1972 [12] | Male Wistar rats; young and mature | HF (ad libitum or pair-fed) with two different carbohydrate sources | SED or EX (1/d, running, 30 min at ∼13 m/min and 0% incline) | 8 wk | 12 h | ? | ↓/? (both diets, feeding patterns, and age groups) | Young: −15% Mature: −35% |
|
| ||||||||
| Barakat et al., 1987 [13] | Female rats; control and alloxan-diabetic | SC? (ad libitum) | SED or EX (1/d, running, 2 h at 20 m/min and 0% incline) | 7 d | 0 h | 24 h | ↔/? (both groups) | Control: −14% (NS) Diabetic: −2% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Cha et al., 1999 [14] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | SC or HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (1/d, running, 1.5 h at 150 m/min and 1% incline) | 1 mo | ? | ? | SC: ↓/? HF: ↓/? |
SC: −24% HF: −40% |
|
| ||||||||
| Chapados et al., 2009 [15] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | SC or HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h at 26 m/min and 10% incline for the last 4 wk) | 8 wk | 12 h | 48 h | SC: ↔/↓ HF: ↔/↓ |
SC: −16% (NS) HF: −22% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Charbonneau et al., 2005 [16] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | SC or HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (6/wk, running, progressive until 1 h at 26 m/min and 10% incline for the last 3 wk) | 6 wk (+2 wk diet lead-in) | 2-3 h | 48 h | SC: ↔/↓ HF: ↔/↓ |
SC: 0% (NS) HF: −14% |
|
| ||||||||
| Fukuda et al., 1991 [17] | Male Wistar rats | SC, HF or HChol (ad libitum) | SED or EX (voluntary running) | 4 wk | 3 h | ? | SC: ↓/? HF: ↓/? HChol: ↓/? |
SC: −1% (NS) HF: +14% (NS) HChol: −30% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Gauthier et al., 2003 [18] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | SC or HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h at 26 m/min and 10% incline for the last 4 wk) | 8 wk | 2 h | 48 h | SC: ↔/↓ HF: ↓/↓↓ |
SC: +16% (NS) HF: −29% |
|
| ||||||||
| Gauthier et al., 2004 [19] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h at 26 m/min and 10% incline for the last 4 wk) | 8 wk (+8 wk diet lead-in) | 2 h | 48 h | ↔/↓ | −16% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Gollisch et al., 2009 [20] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | SC or HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (voluntary running) | 4 wk | 10 h | 24 h | SC: ↔/↓ HF: ↓/↓↓ |
SC: −16% (NS) HF: −31% |
| Hao et al., 2010 [21] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats; sham-operated or OVX with and without E2 | SC (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, 1 h at 18 m/min and 0% incline) | 12 wk | ? | 24 h | Sham: ↔/↔
OVX: ↓/↓ OVX+E2: ↔/↔ |
Sham: −24% OVX: −30% OVX+E2: −5% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Karanth and Jeevaratnam, 2009 [22] | Male Wistar rats | HF rich in SFA or MUFA (ad libitum) with carnitine or not | SED or EX (6/wk, swimming, 1 h) | 6 mo | Overnight | 20 h | ↔/? (both diets) | SFA: −35% MUFA: −25% (average with or without carnitine) |
|
| ||||||||
| Lessard et al., 2007 [23] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h at 32 m/min and 15% incline for the last 3 wk) | 4 wk (+4 wk diet lead-in) | 8–12 h | 36–48 h | ↓/↓ | −41% |
|
| ||||||||
| Lira et al., 2008 [24] | Male Wistar rats; control and tumor-bearing | SC (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h at 20 m/min and 0% incline for the last 2 wk) | 8 wk | ? | 24 h | ↓/? (both groups) | Control: −30% Tumor: −92% |
|
| ||||||||
| Morifuji et al., 2006 [25] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | SC with casein or soya as protein source (ad libitum) | SED or EX (6/wk, swimming, 2 h) | 2 wk | Nonfasting | 24 h | ↓/↓ (both groups) | Casein: −21% Soya: −24% |
|
| ||||||||
| Narayan et al., 1975 [26] | Male Holtzman rats | SC or HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 80–85 min at 23 m/min and 8.5% incline for the last 3 wk) | 6 wk | Nonfasting | 24 h | ?/? | SC: +81% (NS) HF: −51% |
|
| ||||||||
| Petridou et al., 2005 [27] | Male Wistar rats | SC (ad libitum) | SED or EX (voluntary running) | 8 wk | 6 h | 12 h | ?/? | −12% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Pighon et al., 2010 [28] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | SC (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h min at 26 m/min and 10% incline for the last 4 wk) | 6 wk | 3 h | 48 h | ↔/↓ | +1% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Pighon et al., 2010 [28] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats; sham-operated or OVX with and without E2 | SC (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h min at 26 m/min and 10% incline for the last 3 wk) | 5 wk | 3 h | 48 h | ↓/↓ (all groups) | Sham: −1% (NS) OVX: −26% OVX+E2: −5% (NS) |
| Rector et al., 2008 [29] | Male OLETF rats (obese and diabetic) | SC (ad libitum) | SED or EX (voluntary running) | 16 wk | 5 h | 48 h | ↓/↓ | −45% |
| Rothfeld et al., 1977 [30] | Male Sprague-Dawley rats | HF (pair-fed) | SED or EX (voluntary running) | 3 wk | ? | ? | ?/? | −14% |
|
| ||||||||
| Straczkowski et al., 2001 [31] | Male Wistar rats | SC for wk 0–3 and SC or HF for wk 4–6 (pair-fed) | SED or EX (6/wk, running, 3 h at 20 m/min and 10% incline) | 6 wk | ? | 48 h | ↓/? (both diets) | SC: +97% HF: −9% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Terao et al., 1987 [32] | Male Wistar rats | HChol (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h at 20 m/min and 0% incline for the last 2 wk) | 5 wk (+5 wk SC diet lead-in) | ? | ? | ↓/? | −16% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Tsutsumi et al., 2001 [33] | Male Sprague-Dawley old rats | SC (ad libitum) | SED or EX (1/d, running, 30 min at 15 m/min and 10% incline) | 3 mo | ∼12 h | ∼12 h | ↓/↓ | −41% |
|
| ||||||||
| Vieira et al., 2009 [34] | Male C57BL/6, HF diet-induced obese mice | SC or HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, 40 min at 12 m/min and 12% incline) | 6 wk | 12 h | 48 h | SC: ↔/↔
HF: ↓/↓ |
SC: −49% (NS) HF: −11% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Vieira et al., 2009 [34] | Male C57BL/6, HF diet-induced obese mice | SC or HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, 40 min at 12 m/min and 12% incline) | 12 wk | 12 h | 48 h | SC: ↔/↓ HF: ↓/↓ |
SC: −72% HF: −48% |
|
| ||||||||
| Vieira et al., 2009 [35] | Male Balb/cByJ mice (with defective fatty acid oxidation) | SC or HF (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, 1 h at 12 m/min and 5% incline) | 12 wk | 12 h | 48 h | SC: ↔/? HF: ↓/? |
SC: −5% (NS) HF: −40% (P = 0.09) |
|
| ||||||||
| Yasari et al., 2006 [36] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | SC (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h at 26 m/min and 10% incline for the last 4 wk) | 8 wk | 3 h | 48 h | ↔/↓ | −9% (NS) |
|
| ||||||||
| Yasari et al., 2010 [37] | Female Sprague-Dawley rats | SC for wk 0–6 and SC or HF for wk 7-8 (ad libitum) | SED or EX (5/wk, running, progressive until 1 h at 26 m/min and 10% incline for the last 4 wk) | 8 wk | 3 h | 36–48 h | ↔/↓ (both diets) | SC: −13% (NS) HF: +7% (NS) |
All changes shown are statistically significant versus control group (SED), unless indicated otherwise (↔ is unchanged; ↓ is reduced; NS is not significant; ? is unknown).
BW: body weight; E2: estradiol; EX: exercised; HChol: high fat and cholesterol; HF: high fat; MUFA: monounsaturated fatty acids; OVX: ovariectomized; SC: standard chow (low fat); SED: sedentary; SFA: saturated fatty acids; VAT: visceral adipose tissue (mesenteric, retroperitoneal, and/or epididymal fat pads).